Global Practitioner’s Knowledge Exchange on Public Employment Programmes and their Application in Adaptive Social Protection Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act’ 2005 (MGNREGA) PRESENTATION BY – MR. RAGHVENDRA PRATAP SINGH, DIRECTOR (MGNREGA), MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT, GOVT. OF INDIA
Rural Development Challenges in India ◆ Livelihood insecurity for millions living in rural areas ◆ Minimal participation of poor in development programs ◆ More dependence on agriculture for livelihood ◆ Agriculture is dependent majorly on Rain ◆ Environmental degradation & Climate change
Evolution Of Government Responses ◆ Several initiatives taken earlier for providing wage employment ◆ Statutory right to food security through MGNREGA passed by Parliament in August 2005 ◆ Came into force as a program on February 2, 2006 ◆ Shared responsibility between government at Centre and State ◆ Implemented in a phased manner. ❖ Phase-I (2006-2007): in 200 most backward districts of the country ❖ Phase II (2007-2008): 130 more districts added ❖ Phase III (from April 1, 2008): All remaining rural districts of India
Primary Stakeholders 1. Wage seekers 2. Panchayati Raj Institutions (local government), specially the gram panchayat (village counsil) 3. Programme Officer at the block levels (sub divisions of districts) 4. District Programme Coordinator 5. State Government 6. Central Government - Ministry of Rural Development
Process of MGNREGS *PE – Post Event **RT – Real Time
Universal Rights based Approach
Salient features of the Act Decentralized planning & Quality works and asset Rights based approach implementation management Prime role for Village Technical support for quality Universal guarantee; Administration; dedicated asset creation; User group Demand-driven cadre for implementation development Monitoring, Transparency & Natural Resource Convergence for Accountability Management comprehensive benefits Proactive disclosure through GIS based integrated With other rural development Social Audits, Geo-tagging of planning approach and NRM programmes for better housing, assets, Management Information sanitation, irrigation facilities etc. based livelihoods. System etc.
Total Coverage across country 1. District Covered : 685 2. Blocks covered : 6,863 3. Village councils covered (Gram Panchayats) : 2,62,840 • 126 million registered households covering 250 million people across 685 districts. • Thus, the largest wage work programme in the world.
Highlights Budget outlay of 8.226 billion US $ for 2018-19 alone. MGNREGA includes 260 permissible works - 181 works are focussed on Highest budget allocation for a rural development programme in India. Natural Resource Management , of Women form 53 percent of the workforce. which 84 are exclusively related to water. Expenditure since inception until 2019 (so far) is US $ 71.5 billion. 65 percent of expenditure on NRM related works. 1 US $ = 71 Indian Rupees ‘Mission Water Conservation’ launched by Government of India 34.1 million assets of the 36 million assets in 2016 to provide created have been special focus to water 99 percent of wages paid through geo-tagged (so far). stressed and irrigation digitized direct beneficiary transfer deprived regions. mechanisms.
Women Participation
Rights Based Approach ◆ Right to a MGNREGA Job Card – Any rural household who is willing to do unskilled manual work can apply for a Job Card at the Gram Panchayat (local Government), and needs to be provided one within 15 days. ◆ Right to demand work - up to 100 days in a year. ◆ Right to employment - within 15 days of application. Unemployment allowance from Day 16. ◆ Right to wages – to receive notified wage rate and within 15 days. Delayed compensation from Day 16. ◆ Right to obtain work within 5 km radius of his/her residence. Mandated for 1/3rd women participation; priority inclusion, work allocation for Scheduled Caste/ Scheduled Tribe, Persons With Disability, elderly, primitive tribes etc.
Administration and Finance
Budget Allocation (In Billion US $) 1 US $ = 71 Indian Rupees Year Budget Estimate 2006-07 1.591 2007-08 1.690 2008-09 2.253 2009-10 5.507 2010-11 5.647 2011-12 5.634 2012-13 4.648 2013-14 4.648 2014-15 4.789 2015-16 4.887 2016-17 5.422 2017-18 6.761 (so far) 2018-19 7.747
Persondays Generation against Labour Budget (In Billions) 3 Approved Labour Budget Persondays Generated 2,53 2,39 2,36 2,5 2,35 2,35 2,33 2,31 2,2 2,2 2 1,66 1,5 1 0,5 0 FY 2014-2015 FY 2015-2016 FY 2016-2017 FY 2017-2018 FY 2018-2019 (so far)
HHs Demanded, Offered and Provided the Employment (HHs in Millions) 57,31 57,17 57,10 56,58 55,00 51,16 49,98 50,00 Demanded 45,00 Offer Provided 40,00 35,00 30,00 25,00 (so far) FY 2017-18 FY 2018-19
Decentralised planning & implementation ◆ All activities including job card application, demand and allocation of work, primary payment processing etc. happens at the Gram Panchayat (Local Government) level. ◆ The Gram Sabha (Village council) including the community, elected representatives and officials of the Gram Panchayat approves the annual Labour Budget and recommends works for MGNREGA. ◆ Decentralised administration with defined roles: ❖ Mates at every MGNREGA worksite for supervision, and ensuring worksite facilities such as drinking water, shed, crèche, first aid etc. ❖ Programme Officer at the Block level ❖ District Programme Coordinator ❖ MGNREGA Cell at State Government ❖ Programme Division at Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India
Quality Works and Asset Management ◆ Focus on creation of rural infrastructure for sustainable livelihoods , and enhancing the living conditions in rural areas. ◆ 60:40 wage and material ratio is maintained for works. No contractors or machinery allowed ◆ Technical cadre on ground for ensuring creation of durable assets: Technical Assistants, Barefoot Technicians, Engineers at Gram Panchayat/ cluster/ Block level. ◆ Maintenance of case-record files at every work site including the work estimates, sanctions and worker details. ◆ Creation of user groups and management committees at asset/ community level for continued maintenance and management of assets.
260 permissible works under 4 categories Category A: Public works Category B: Individual assets for relating to NRM vulnerable sections Category C: Common Infrastructure For Category D: Rural Infrastructure NRLM (National Rural Livelihood Mission) Compliant Self Help Groups
Enhanced focus on Natural Resource Management (NRM) ◆ 58% expenditure on NRM (Approx. 5.01 Billion US $). ◆ Out of 260 permissible works, 181 works relate to NRM; 81 are exclusively on water. ◆ Mission Water Conservation launched in 2016 mandates 65% expenditure on water related works in 2129 water stressed Blocks. ❖ Water conservation for water management and drought mitigation: farm ponds, check dams, structures for ground water recharge, farm ponds, percolation tanks, artificial recharge of wells through sand filters etc.
(In Billion US $) Rising Expenditure on NRM Works 1 US $ = 71 Indian Rupees 5,01 5,0 4,53 4,44 4,06 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0 0,0 FY 2015-16 FY 2016-17 FY 2017-18 FY 2018-19 (so far)
Fishing activity in a Farm Pond Tamil Nadu
Water Conservation Pond at Village Ramsiej, Block Mawthadraishan, District W. Khasi Hills, Meghalaya
Water Conservation Pond (Johar) at Dilman GP, Sirmour District Himachal Pradesh
Check Dam Rajasthan
Multi-arch Check Dam Karnataka
Check Dam at Village Bakartala, G.P. Panto, Block Jashipur, District Mayurbhanj, Odisha
Irrigation channel Arunachal Pradesh
Irrigation canal (locally known as KUHAL) Nahan Gram Panchayat, Sirmour District, Himachal Pradesh
Water channel District West Sikkim, Sikkim
% of Works taken-up on Land of Individual Beneficiaries 70,00% 66.51% 62,27% 60,00% 51,41% 50,00% 40,00% 33,80% 30,00% 21,40% 20,00% 10,00% 0,00% FY 14-15 FY 15-16 FY 16-17 FY 17-18 FY 18-19* *(so far)
Irrigation well under Kapildhara in Betul, Madhya Pradesh
Transparency and Accountability
Management Information System – NREGASoft www.nrega.nic.in
Transparency and Accountability ◆ Regular conduct of Social Audit Gram Sabha (local council), and proactive disclosure of all MGNREGA works related information. ◆ www.nrega.nic.in Digitialized Management Information System with modules for every function including fund management, labour budget, staffing, work progress etc. ◆ Every MGNREGA worksite has a Citizen Information Board publicly displaying all details of the work, estimated and actual costs, labour: material ratio etc. ◆ A set of 7 registers maintained at every Gram Panchayat including details of all workers, works undertaken etc. ◆ Grievance Redressal System and toll-free helpline numbers activated at State level.
Geo-tagging Assets Every MGNREGA asset is tagged along with basic information and made available to public through www.nrega.nic.in.
GIS Based Planning DESIGN GIS PLAN EVOLUTION • Optimize Utilization of Resources • Sound Decision Making • Holistic GP Planning
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