23/05/2016 Geoforensics and Illegal Waste • Avoidance of Landfill Tax - £250 million cost to NI http://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/northern-ireland-news/clearing- illegal-dumps-could-cost-more-than-250m-1-5756941 • Each year - €36 million cost to NI (20%) and Irish (80%) economyhttp://www.impartialreporter.com news/)13853430.The__pound_600_000_costs_to_public_to_remo ve_illegal_waste_from_Border_farm/ • €10 million to Italian economy (http://www.havocscope.com/tag/illegal-dumping/) • €200 million globally, estimated 50,000 lives lost (mainly children: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/may/12/up-to-90- of-worlds-electronic-waste-is-illegally-dumped-says-un • Cost to human health, environment, loss of income (metal, plastic) • World-wide problem – easier to bury than recycle, easier to ship than recycle https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/excise-notice-lft1-a-general-guide-to- landfill-tax/excise-notice-lft1-a-general-guide-to-landfill-tax#rates-of-tax How can geology assist in the investigation into illegally-buried waste? First, by understanding ground conditions to assist the search – exclude areas, find the target. Second, assist in assessing how much is there and what it may be. Third, by excluding suspects from all possible locations and understanding what happened, when and how. 1
23/05/2016 Find the Target: Integration of Imagery and GIS for Screening Landuse Surface and Solid Geology Mineral Location Database Local Authority Landfill Database Access Roads Visibility Predictive Modelling – Risk Assessment 2
23/05/2016 How can geology assist in the investigation into illegally-buried waste? First, by understanding ground conditions to assist the search – exclude areas, find the target. Second, assist in assessing how much is there and what it may be. Third, by excluding suspects from all possible locations and understanding what happened, when and how. Case Studies: conjunctive use of geophysical methods The Mala RAMAC ground penetrating radar 50MHz unshielded RTA50 antenna real-time display unit receiver control unit & battery pack transmitter antenna battery housings Ruffell, A. & Kulessa, B. 2009. Applications of Geophysical Techniques in Identifying Illegally- buried Toxic Waste. Environmental Forensics, 10 , 196-207 3
23/05/2016 Nominally - 250m 50MHz Walked turns B Nominally - 250m A Object seen on 50MHz Edge of object seen on 100MHz 50MHz 100MHz Nominally - 50m C 200m A mound NE area of 100Mhz 100m grid river N Mound B C NE 100m gate Fig. 3 4
23/05/2016 trench trench Anomalies 125 in trench 124 100Mhz 100Mhz trench 129 128 50Mhz 50Mhz Cross-over with Line 2 Newtownards Line 1 A. ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY Depth (m) Top of bedrock Distance along line (m) B. SCALED CHARGEABILITY Depth (m) Pockets of waste Distance along line (m) 5
23/05/2016 Newtownards Line 3 A. ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY Depth (m) Top of bedrock Distance along line (m) B. SCALED CHARGEABILITY Depth (m) Pockets of waste Distance along line (m) Talk Structure Macro-scale (find the target) – general on remote sensing (satellite imagery, air photographs, drones) Medium-scale (define the target) – geophysics: illegally buried waste case study Micro-scale (assist the legal process) – geological evidence: windfarm case study 6
23/05/2016 TARGET AREAS ACKNOWLEDGED Satellite (historical, e.g IRS, LANDSAT) Aerial (historic & new) New - QUICKBIRD, IKONOS, LANDSAT (thematic) leads to combined imagery (mosaic) LARGE-SCALE (KM) Combined using GIS Satellite & aerial mosaics. Near infra-red, UV, spectral mosaics Models of landscape change (biogeography, geomorphology) = TARGETS WALK-ON SURVEY DIGITAL TERRAIN MODEL GEOPHYSICS Shape & size of area SMALL-SCALE Target location - area mapped (resistivity Flow paths (METRES) & magnetics) HYDROLOGICAL MODEL GEOPHYSICS Target location - depth/volume WATER & SOIL SAMPLING determined, seismics, EM), flow paths (chemistry, isotopes) Side-scan sonar Sector scanning sonar TARGET LOCATED - RETRIEVAL GPR Summary Geological Society of London (GSL) Forensic Geoscience Group (FGG) International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) Initiative on Forensic Geology (IFG) Dr Laurance Donnelly Dr Alastair Ruffell Dr Jennifer McKinley Geological Society of London Forensic Geoscience Group (FGG) BSc (Hons), PhD, CGeol, CSci, EurGeol, FGS, FGSA BSc (Hons), PhD, FGS BSc (Hons), PhD, CGeol, FGS International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) Chair, IUGS-IFG Chair of the FGG Council member of the GSL Initiative on Forensic Geology (IFG) Forensic Geologist & Police Search Adviser IUGS-IFG Committee Training Officier IUGS-IFG Committee Queens University Belfast Communication officer Queens University Belfast 7
23/05/2016 CRIME SCENE DO NOT ENTER CRIME SCENE DO NOT ENTER CRIME SCENE DO NOT ENTER CRIME SCENE DO NOT ENTER CRIME SCENE DO NOT ENTER CRIME SCENE DO NOT ENTER CRIME SCENE DO NOT ENTER IUGS-IFG Management & Structure www.forensicgeologyinternational.org IUGS – Initiative on Forensic Geology: training Bogota, Brisbane, Australia, 2012 Colombia 2008 Brazil & Moscow 2013 Sicily, 2015 (Abu Dhabi, November 2015 and more..) 8
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