Future Challenges of Cities in Hot and Humid Climates Lam Khee Poh, - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transforming Cities in Hot and Humid Climates Towards more Efficient and Sustainable Energy Use Future Challenges of Cities in Hot and Humid Climates Lam Khee Poh, PhD, FRIBA Provost’s Chair Professor of Architecture and Building Dean, School of Design and Environment 24 October 2017

Nature of the Built Environment “When you build a thing you cannot merely build that thing in isolation, but must also repair the world around it, and within it so that the larger world at that one place becomes more coherent and more whole; and the thing which you make takes its place in the web of nature as you make it.” Christopher Alexander Architect, Theorist, Educator Author of “A Pattern Language”,1977, and “The Timeless Way of Building”, 1979. 2

" It is not the most intellectual of the species that survives; it is not the strongest that survives; but the species that survives is the one that is able to adapt to and to adjust best to the changing environment in which it finds itself ”. Charles Darwin

Eskimos’ Ice House Made of ice bricks with thickness of about 500mm. The indoor temperatures can be maintained at above － 5 ℃ when the outside temperature is － 30 ℃ . 4

Egyptian Residence Roof Exterior Surface T Outdoor Air T Brick thickness is more than 400mm. Due to the big thermal mass, indoor temperature difference in a day is less Indoor Air T than 6 ℃ , while outdoor temperature difference is more than 24 ℃ . 5

Cave Houses Cave House in Cave House Shaanxi, China in Tunis 6

Taman Tropika House, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Ossen, D R, et al., Thermal Performance of Prototype Malaysian Traditional Timber House, 9th SENVAR & 2nd ISESEE 2008 International Seminar. Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, Malaysia on 1-3 December 2008 7

(60%) (68.3%)

(87.7%) (94.6%) Brockway, et al, Understanding China's past and future energy demand: An exergy efficiency and decomposition analysis. Applied Energy, October 2015

SADLY it does not work DAMN YOU THERMODYNAMICS Always ruining everything

Zeroth Law: You must play the game WHO CAN TELL ME THE FIRST LAW OF First Law: THERMODYNAMICS? You can't win Second Law: You can't even break even Third Law: You can't quit the game So …..we need more MEN WILL SCIENCE ! NATURALLY MOVE TOWARDS THE ”HOTTEST” GIRL IN COLLEGE !

Building Energy Flow-paths Clarke, 1985: Energy Simulation in Building Design 12

Passive Solar Elements Clarke J, 1985: Energy Simulation in Building Design 13

Air Flow Modeling Wind tunnel experiment to establish the boundary conditions for CFD computational analysis

National Library Singapore 250 215 200 178 157 157 156 153 151 kWh/m2/yr 150 149 149 150 100 50 0 Average GM 2006 2007 2008 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Building Platinum Design 16 Year

Concurrent Temperature and Air Velocity Profiles Outside and Inside Building Wind speed: 3.28 fps (1 m/s) Wind speed: 3.28 fps (1 m/s). Lower wind speeds give time for heat to accumulate and create heat pool between buildings. Wind speed: 9.84 fps (3 m/s) Wind speed: 9.84 fps (3 m/s) Wind speed: 16.40 fps (5 m/s) Wind speed: 16.40 fps (5 m/s) Wind speed: 32.8 fps (10 m/s). Higher wind speeds help Wind speed: 32.8 fps (10 m/s) dispersing heat pool between buildings. 17

Sustainable Urban Development - Tianjin Eco-City

Technology (alone) is not the answer ….. 19

Tropical City Concept Kampong Bugis Dev’t Guide Plan Proposal 1989 Khee Poh Lam PhD, RIBA Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics School of Architecture 20

Tropical High-rise Bio-Climatic Skyscraper – TRHY Pinnacle@Duxton - WOHA Ground Street Level Sky Street – 30 th Level Sky Park – 30 th Level Sky Park – 50 th Level Pinnacle@Duxton – ARC Studio A&U

“Urban Shades” - Clarke Quay

Singapore’s Energy Policy Challenges Our Approach 经济竞争 能源安全 环境持续

The devil is in God is in the details? the details? An n-gram is a contiguous sequence of n items from a given sequence of text or speech [computational linguistics and probability] http://grammarist.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/details.jpg

Life-cycle Process BUILDING DELIVERY PROCESS Mech & Elec Systems External/Landscape Structural System Design Construction Envelope System Operation Commissioning Interior System Psychological Physiological Sociological Economical TBP Design and Procurement TBP Commissioning and POE Total Building Performance Mandates Codes & Standards Spatial Diagnostic Framework ensures methodology for Thermal comprehensive and measuring integrative design building Indoor Air Quality consideration for performance, Visual high performance evaluating and sustainable impacts and Acoustical solutions establishing Evaluation, Measurement and Verification benchmarks Building Integrity Knowledge-based Knowledge Design Production Indoor – Outdoor Environmental Interaction Occupant Comfort, Health, Well-being

Total Building Performance BUILDING DELIVERY PROCESS Mech & Elec Systems External/Landscape Structural System Envelope System Interior System Psychological Physiological Sociological Economical People-centric TBP Design and Procurement TBP Commissioning and POE Total Building Systems Goals Performance and (Liveability) Mandates Process Integration Spatial Diagnostic (Suitability, Framework ensures methodology for Thermal comprehensive and measuring Reliability, Limits of integrative design building Indoor Air Quality Total Environmental Performance Flexibility) consideration for performance, Acceptability Visual high performance evaluating and sustainable impacts and Acoustical solutions establishing benchmarks Building Integrity Knowledge-based Knowledge Design Production http://ecocitizenworldmap.org/fr/about/the-project/

HOLISTIC APPROACH TO ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY BROWN STRATEGIES WHITE STRATEGIES • • Waste management & Micro climate management Material & Waste • segregation Thermal comfort Management • • Waste conveyance system Ventilation • • On-site refuse processing & Eco biodiverse habitat • composting Minimize site disturbance • • Use of environmentally friendly Alternative transportation or recycled materials Environmental Quality & Protection Water Energy Efficiency Efficiency BLUE STRATEGIES GREEN STRATEGIES • • Water efficient features Energy efficient infrastructure • • Storm water management & public amenities • • Rainwater harvesting On-site energy generation • • Grey water recycling Use of renewal energy • District cooling plant • Hybrid ACMV system 28

Net-Zero Energy Building in the Tropics “Walk the Talk”

SDE 4 – Under Construction

SDE 4 – Hybrid System Daylight Measurement 31

SDE 4 – Hybrid System Thermal Measurement 32

Human Centric Design Olgyay’s bioclimatic chart, adapted Givoni’s building bioclimatic chart, from (Olgyay 1963). adapted from (La Roche 2012) Schiavon, et al (2014) Web application for thermal comfort visualization and calculation according to ASHRAE Standard 55 . Building Simulation

http://blog.gridium.com/3241/are-your-set-points-sexist/

SDE4|� HYBRID� SYSTEM� |� SUBJECTIVE� SURVEY N=76 SDE 4 – Hybrid System What� is� your� current� thermal� comfort? 35 30 Thermal Measurement 25 20 32 15 27 12% 10 5 0 1 8 8 0 Very� Uncomfortable Uncomfortable Slightly� uncomfortable� Slightly� Comfortable Comfortable Very� Comfortable What� is� your� acceptance� of� current� air� movement? 60 50 40 30 8% 49 20 20 10 0 6 0 Cleary� Unacceptable Just� Unacceptable Just� Acceptable Clearly� Acceptable What� is� your� acceptance� of� current� humidity? 50 45 40 35 30 25 8% 43 20 15 26 10 1 5 5 0 18 35 Cleary� Unacceptable Just� Unacceptable Just� Acceptable Clearly� Acceptable

What’s next? 36

12 September 2017 Study conducted by BCA and NUS from Jan 2014 for 3.5 years 37

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