Fungi What are they? What do they do? Why are they important? - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Fungi What are they? What do they do? Why are they important?

Taxonomy Three domains of life Archaea Bacteria Eukarya

Fungi 710-1060 ma Opisthokonts Animals Choanoflagellates Plants Watkinson, et al., 2016

Ascomycota Dikarya Basidiomycota Glomeromycota Zygomycetes and Olpidium Blastocladiomycota Chytridiomycota Neocallimastigomycota Cryptomycota ( Rozella) Watkinson, et al., 2016

Recap Ascomycota Basidiomycota Glomercomycota Blastocladiomycota Chytridiomycota Neocallimastigomycota Zygomycetes and Olpidium Cryptomycota (Rozella) Watkinson, et al., 2016.

Ecosystem Functions 2.2 – 3.8 million 15,000, UK Decomposition Food Source Hawksworth and Lücking, 2017;Yue, et al., 2018; Gleason, et al., 2011; Burford, et al., 2006; Dutton & Evans, 1996.

Largest Organism! Armillaria ostoyae 2.4 miles (3.8km) across 2385 acres 2,400- 8650 years old Morris, 2017.

Photo Courtesy: Morris, L., 2017 National Geographic

Photo Courtesy: Jon E. Evans, Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP, U.K.

Photo Courtesy: Jon E. Evans, Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP, U.K.

Photo Courtesy: Jon E. Evans, Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP, U.K.

Photo Courtesy: Jon E. Evans, Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP, U.K.

Photo Courtesy: Jon E. Evans, Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP, U.K.

Photo Courtesy: Jon E. Evans, Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP, U.K.

Photo Courtesy: Jon E. Evans, Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP, U.K.

Photo Courtesy: Jon E. Evans, Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP, U.K.

Mycorrhizal Fungi Joint, nutrient absorbing Structure 90% of all plants 70% Arbuscular 460-407 ma Watkinson, et al., 2016; Mello and Balestrini, 2018.

Nutrient Dynamics (Mycorrhizosphere) Soil to root Root to root (different plants) Wood Wide Web Ploughing, fertilising, monoculture Watkinson, et al., 2016; Mello & Balestrini, 2018; Phillips, 2017.

Disease White-nose syndrome Chytridiomycosis Fungal meningitis Potato Blight (Oomycete) CDC, 2016; Lucas, 2017.

Most common question…. Can I eat it? Medicines Ecosystem drivers Chemical powerhouses

Food Beer, wine, bread Soy Sauce Cheese Mushrooms Quorn Citric Acid Seidl, 2006.

Medicine Penicillium chrysogenum Anti-cholesterol statins Immunosuppressant cyclosporins and steroids Cortisone Rhizopus nigricans Seidl, 2006.

Threats Pollution Habitat destruction Climate change Alien invaders

Lost and Found Fungi Project Funded by Esmée Fairbairn Foundation What species are extinct? What species are under- recorded? http://fungi.myspecies.info

Thanks for listening!

References and Recommended reading Books • Watkinson, S. C., Boddy, L., Money, N. P., 2016. The Fungi. Third Edition. United States of America: Elsevier. • Phillips, M., 2017. Mycorrhizal Planet. First Edition. White River Junction, Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing. • Hawksworth, D & Lücking, R. 2017. Fungal Diversity Revisited: 2.2 to 3.8 Million Species, p 79-95. Heitman, J., Howlett, J., B., Crous, W., P., Stukenbrock, H., E., James, T., Y., The Fungal Kingdom. ASM Press, Washington, DC. Doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK- 0052-2016 • McCoy, P., 2016. Radical Mycology. 1 st Edition. Portland, Oregon: Chthaeus Press.

References and recommended reading Online articles • Seidl, M., 2006. Industrial Uses of Fungi. The Environmental Reporter, Available at: https://www.emlab.com/resources/education/en vironmental-reporter/industrial-uses-of-fungi- epicoccum/ SEM Images This work was supported by the Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, UK

References and recommended reading Journal Articles • Mello, A., Balestrini, R., 2018. Recent Insights on Biological and Ecological Aspects of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi and their interactions. Frontiers in Microbiology , 9(?), pp.216. 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00216 • Yue, K., García-Palacios, P., Parsons, S.A., Yang, W., Peng, Y., Tan, B., Wu, F., 2018. Assessing the temporal dynamics of aquatic and terrestrial litter decomposition in an alpine forest. Functional Ecology, 32 (10), pp2464-2475. 10.1111/1365-2435.13143 • Gleason, F. H., Küpper, F., C., Amon, J., P., Picard, K., Gachon, M., M., C., Marano, V., A., Sime-Ngando, T., Lilije, O., 2011. Zoosporic true fungi in marine ecosystems: a review. Marine and Freshwater Research , 62(4), pp383-393. 10.1071/MF10294. • Boer, W. D., Folman, L. B., Summerbell, R. C., Boddy, L., 2005. Living in a fungal world: impact of fungi on soil bacterial niche development. FEMS Microbiology Reviews , 29(4), 795-811.10.1016/j.femsre.2004.11.005 • Dodd, M. S., Papineau, D., Grenne, T., Slack, J.F., Rittner, M., Pirajno, F., O’Neil, J., Little, C. T. S., 2017. Evidence for early life in Earth’s oldest hydrothermal vent precipitates. Nature , 543(7643), 60-64. 10.1038/nature21377.

References and recommended reading • Burford, E. P., Hiller, S., Gadd, G., 2006. Biomineralization of Fungal Hyphae with Calcite (CaCO 3 ) and Calcium Oxalate Mono- and Dihydrate in Carboniferous Limestone Microcosms. Geomicrobiology Journal, 23(8), pp.599-611. 10.1080/01490450600964375. • Dutton, M. V. & Evans, C. S., 1996. Oxalate production by fungi: its role in pathogenicity and ecology in the soil environment. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 42(9), 881-895. 10.1139/m96-114. • Lucas, J. A., 2017. Fungi, Food Crops and Biosecurity: Advances and challenges. Advances in Food Security and Sutainability, 1-40. doi:10.1016/bs.af2s.2017.09.007

Websites • CDC, 2016. Fungal Meningitis. Available: https://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/fungal.html • BCT, 2013. Are UK bats immune to White-Nose Syndrome which is killing millions of North American bats? Available: https://www.bats.org.uk/news/2013/08/are-uk-bats- immune-to-white-nose-syndrome-which-is-killing- millions-of-north-american-bats • Morris, L., 2017. The World’s Largest Living Organism. National Geographic , Available: https://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/nature/the- worlds-largest-living-organism.aspx