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From Lazarus To Theophilus: How Manuscript Digitization Led To The Historical, Chemical, and Technological Understanding of Iron Gall Ink and Its Counterparts Meredith Oliver B.S. Pharmaceutical Sciences Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors


  1. From Lazarus To Theophilus: How Manuscript Digitization Led To The Historical, Chemical, and Technological Understanding of Iron Gall Ink and Its Counterparts Meredith Oliver B.S. Pharmaceutical Sciences Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College Thesis Defense ~ April 23, 2015

  2. Vercelli, Italy 2013 Fondazione Museo del Tesoro del Duomo

  3. Multi-Spectral Imaging http://orgspectroscopyint.blogspot.com/p/basics-of-uv-visible-spectroscopy.html Purpose: • Preserve History • Reveal History Codex A

  4. Vercelli Book - Ink � Vercelli Book – 10 th Century Old English Anthology 23 religious homilies � 6 poems � 6 folios are damaged � � Ink Fluorescence

  5. Iron Gall Ink Properties Black • Acidic • Ingredients Tannic Acid • http://art-conservation.tumblr.com/post/63647753126/nedcc-lacing-from-iron-gall-ink-deterioration Iron Sulfate • Solvent • Binder •

  6. Fermentation Process 10 polyphenols Tannic Acid: Gallotannic Acid Tannin Acylhydrolase Gallic Acid 1 polyphenol

  7. Iron Gall Ink 1) Ink Appearance 2) Fluidity 3) Color Intensity Tannin Separation

  8. Iron Gall Ink 100% Tannic Acid Heterogeneous - Dark � Globular Precipitates Discontinuous Fluidity � Faint Color � Gallotannic Acid Homogeneous Ink � Exceptional Fluidity � Rich Black Pigment �

  9. Technology and Ink Composition UV-vis Spectrometer Micro-X-ray Fluorescence ? http://www.agilent.com/home http://ipch.yale.edu/x-ray-fluorescence-spectrometer Multi-Spectral Imaging

  10. Comparing UV-vis & Multi-Spectral Ink Samples = UV-Vis Spectroscopy � Absorbance Data � Parchment Samples = Multi-Spectral � 360-940 nm – 16 photos � Grayscale Values �

  11. Comparing UV-vis & Multi Spectral 0.6 0.5 Multi-Spectral Absorbance 0.4 Absorbance 0.3 0.2 UV-vis Absorbance 0.1 0 250 350 450 550 650 750 850 Wavelength (nm) Conclusion : Multi-Spectral Imaging System shows promise in revealing information regarding ink’s absorbance capabilities.

  12. Vercelli, Italy 2014 Vercelli Book � ARTAX micro-XRF � Multi-Spectral Imaging

  13. Micro-XRF : Vercelli Book Main Element: Calcium (Ca 2+ ) Lack of metal sulfates � No significant calcium concentration � decrease in the parchment http://theodoregray.com/periodictable/Tiles/020/s12.JPG Evidence suggests ink is plant based: 11 th century, tannin based inks � Lack iron sulfate component � Homogeneous quality – brown color �

  14. Theophilus Ink Theophilus Presbyter: German Monk � � De Diversis Artibus http://turba-delirantium.skyrocket.de/biographien/theophilus_presbyter.ht m Dry thorn-tree wood for 2-4 weeks � Ferment bark for 8 days in water � Repeatedly boil water à thorn bark reduction � Wine is added as a secondary solvent � “Add a little atramentum” – carbon �

  15. Digital Humanities Interdisciplinary Team Dr. Gregory Heyworth Keith Knox Dr. Roger Easton Michael Phelps Ken Boydston Ira Rabin & Oliver Hahn

  16. Questions/Discussion

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