Formal Models of Narrative Benedikt L¨ owe Logic, Language and Computation . 19 September 2011
Set Theory. Infinite games. Set theory without the axiom of choice (in particular with the axiom of determinacy). Set theory of the reals. PhD student. Yurii Khomskii (until February 2012). PhD student. Zhenhao Li. Collaboration partners. Bonn (Germany), Denton TX (U.S.A.), New York NY (U.S.A.), Kobe (Japan), Ann Arbor MI (U.S.A.). Philosophy of Mathematics. Philosophy of mathematical practice. Empirical studies of mathematical research practice. Collaboration partners. Utrecht (The Netherlands), Brussels (Belgium), Manchester (UK), K¨ oln (Germany). Applied logic. Formal representation of interaction, dialogues, historical logical systems and narratives. Postdoc. Dr. Carlos Le´ on (Hamburg, starting 15 October 2011). Postdoc. Dr. Sara Uckelman (20%, until December 2011). Postdoc. Dr. Bernhard Fisseni (November 2011 to February 2012). PhD student. Sanchit Saraf (on leave in 2011/12). Collaboration partners. New York NY (U.S.A.), Tilburg (The Netherlands), Essen (Germany), Groningen (The Netherlands), T¨ ubingen (Germany), Lisbon (Portugal).
Claim. There is a stable structural core of narratives; it is possible to objectively extract the formal structure of a narrative.
Claim. There is a stable structural core of narratives; it is possible to objectively extract the formal structure of a narrative. In fact, human beings are pretty good at detecting this structural core and discussing “identity” and “non-identity” of stories independent of the actual presentation of the story.
Example 1: Remake.
Example 1: Remake.
Example 2: The play vs the musical.
Example 2: The play vs the musical.
Example 3: The book vs the movie(s).
Example 3: The book vs the movie(s).
Theory of Analogy.
Theory of Analogy. Dedre Gentner Ken Forbus Structure Mapping Theory. Structure Mapping Engine. B. Falkenhainer, K. Forbus, and D. Gentner: 1989, The structure-mapping en- gine: Algorithm and examples. Artificial Intelligence, 20(41): 163.
Theory of Analogy. Dedre Gentner Ken Forbus Structure Mapping Theory. Structure Mapping Engine. B. Falkenhainer, K. Forbus, and D. Gentner: 1989, The structure-mapping en- gine: Algorithm and examples. Artificial Intelligence, 20(41): 163. Formal systems together with their notion of isomorphism form a continuum of classifications of narratives into equivalence classes. The more expressive a system is, the smaller the equivalence classes are; i.e., fewer narratives are equivalent.
Karla the Hawk. M. J. Rattermann and D. Gentner. Analogy and similarity: Determinants of accessibility and inferential soundness. In Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Con- ference of the Cognitive Science Society (1987), pp. 23-35:
Karla the Hawk. M. J. Rattermann and D. Gentner. Analogy and similarity: Determinants of accessibility and inferential soundness. In Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Con- ference of the Cognitive Science Society (1987), pp. 23-35: Karla, an old hawk, lived at the top of a tall oak tree. One afternoon, she saw a hunter on the ground with a bow and some crude arrows that had no feathers. The hunter took aim and shot at the hawk but missed. Karla knew the hunter wanted her feathers so she glided down to the hunter and offered to give him a few. The hunter was so grateful that he pledged never to shoot at a hawk again. He went off and shot deer instead.
Karla the Hawk. M. J. Rattermann and D. Gentner. Analogy and similarity: Determinants of accessibility and inferential soundness. In Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Con- ference of the Cognitive Science Society (1987), pp. 23-35: Karla, an old hawk, lived at the top of a tall oak tree. One afternoon, she saw a hunter on the ground with a bow and some crude arrows that had no feathers. The hunter took aim and shot at the hawk but missed. Karla knew the hunter wanted her feathers so she glided down to the hunter and offered to give him a few. The hunter was so grateful that he pledged never to shoot at a hawk again. He went off and shot deer instead. Once there was an eagle named Zerdia who donated a few of her tailfeathers to a sportsman and he promised never to attack eagles. One day Zerdia was nesting high on a rocky cliff when she saw the sportsman coming with a crossbow. Zerdia flew down to meet the man, but he attacked and felled her with a single bolt. As she fluttered to the ground Zerdia realized that the bolt had her own tailfeathers on it.
Karla the Hawk. M. J. Rattermann and D. Gentner. Analogy and similarity: Determinants of accessibility and inferential soundness. In Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Con- ference of the Cognitive Science Society (1987), pp. 23-35: Karla, an old hawk, lived at the top of a tall oak tree. One afternoon, she saw a hunter on the ground with a bow and some crude arrows that had no feathers. The hunter took aim and shot at the hawk but missed. Karla knew the hunter wanted her feathers so she glided down to the hunter and offered to give him a few. The hunter was so grateful that he pledged never to shoot at a hawk again. He went off and shot deer instead. Once there was an eagle named Zerdia who donated a few of her tailfeathers to a sportsman and he promised never to attack eagles. One day Zerdia was nesting high on a rocky cliff when she saw the sportsman coming with a crossbow. Zerdia flew down to meet the man, but he attacked and felled her with a single bolt. As she fluttered to the ground Zerdia realized that the bolt had her own tailfeathers on it. Once there was a small country called Bildo that learned to make the worlds smartest computer. One day Bildo was attacked by its warlike neighbor, Gagrach. But the missiles were badly aimed and the attack failed. The Bildon government realized that Gagrach wanted Bildon computers so it offered to sell some of its computers to the country. The government of Gagrach was very pleased. It promised never to attack Bildo again.
Some criticism.
Some criticism. S. Lam, Affective analogical learning and reasoning, MSc Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2008. We have shown that [the] lack of inclusion of emotive content [in Gentner’s Structure Mapping Engine] has made it psychologically implausible. (p. 38)
Some criticism. S. Lam, Affective analogical learning and reasoning, MSc Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2008. We have shown that [the] lack of inclusion of emotive content [in Gentner’s Structure Mapping Engine] has made it psychologically implausible. (p. 38) I. Cornelisse, N. Venhuizen, The influence of emotion and sympathy on the evaluation of story similarity, student project paper , Universiteit van Amsterdam, 2010. [A] story [with] different emotional content [and a] story ... imply[ing] a different feeling of sympathy ... are both [rated] significantly ... less similar to the Base Story than the True Analogy.
Formal systems. Formal systems together with their notion of isomorphism form a continuum of classifications of narratives into equivalence classes. The more expressive a system is, the smaller the equivalence classes are; i.e., fewer narratives are equivalent.
Formal systems. Formal systems together with their notion of isomorphism form a continuum of classifications of narratives into equivalence classes. The more expressive a system is, the smaller the equivalence classes are; i.e., fewer narratives are equivalent. The system we are looking for is 1. simple enough so that humans will not disagree about whether a structure is the correct representation of the essence of a story,
Formal systems. Formal systems together with their notion of isomorphism form a continuum of classifications of narratives into equivalence classes. The more expressive a system is, the smaller the equivalence classes are; i.e., fewer narratives are equivalent. The system we are looking for is 1. simple enough so that humans will not disagree about whether a structure is the correct representation of the essence of a story, 2. expressive enough to capture all features relevant for the notion of structural equivalence we’re aiming for.
Possible applications of an identified structural core.
Possible applications of an identified structural core. 1. Genre studies. Is there are correlation between the structure of the story and the genre? Do certain structures occur more naturally in certain types of narratives?
Possible applications of an identified structural core. 1. Genre studies. Is there are correlation between the structure of the story and the genre? Do certain structures occur more naturally in certain types of narratives? 2. Socio-cultural studies. Is there a correlation between the structure of the story and the appeal of that story to a specific demographic group?
Possible applications of an identified structural core. 1. Genre studies. Is there are correlation between the structure of the story and the genre? Do certain structures occur more naturally in certain types of narratives? 2. Socio-cultural studies. Is there a correlation between the structure of the story and the appeal of that story to a specific demographic group? 3. Story generation. In computer games or other real-life applications, pick the structure of a generated narratives based on the results of the other studies.
An analogy: Reasoning (1).
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