Quantifying Environmental Life Cycle Impacts for ICT Products: A Simpler Approach Thomas Okrasinski, P.E. Nokia Bell Labs tom.okrasinski@nokia-bell-labs.com Marc Benowitz, Ph.D. iNEMI marc.benowitz@inemi.org 1
Outline / Agenda ◼ Motivation ◼ Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Principles ◼ LCA Estimator Methodology ◼ Examples ◼ Summary / Next Steps ◼ Q & A 2
Motivation Southern Africa Bering Sea Appears Largely Ice-Free from NOAA-20 Alaska Australia 3
ICT Climate Change Impact – June 2008 Perspective Smart 2020: Enabling the low carbon economy in the information age (GeSi/The Climate Group) 2008 ICT today: about 2% of global greenhouse gas emissions Gigatons CO 2 Potential ICT equipment 1.4 energy savings by 2020 0.8 0.5 0.5 Zero Growth Line 2002 2007 2020 Enabling applications examples An opportunity for ▪ Smart utilities tremendous impact on ▪ Smart transport remaining 98% ▪ Smart buildings ▪ Smart industry ICT can enable a 15% reduction in global emissions by 2020* 4 -7.8
ICT Increasing Climate Change Impact – 2018 Perspective Enhanced ICT Growth and Impact: ◼ Linear → >6% Global GHGE by 2040 2020 thru 2040 ◼ Exponential → > 14% GHGE by 2040 ◼ Smart Phones 17-125 Mt CO 2 e in 10 years (> 7X increase) short 2 year life → manufacturing drives impact smart phone growth 5.6B (2030) – 8.7B (2040) ◼ ICT Infrastructure 159 - 495 Mt CO 2 e in 10 years (> 3X increase) primarily driven by data centers growth 5
Motivation Action is the only option! So, how do you measure environmental life cycle impact? 6
Principles of Life Cycle Assessment Impact Assessment Categories - Examples Global Criteria o Global warming potential greenhouse gas emissions CO 2 , CH 4 , SF 6 ,… o Resource depletion o Ozone depletion potential Regional Criteria o Acidification potential o Land use / water use Local Criteria o Human and eco-toxicity potential o Eutrophication potential o Photochemical oxidation creation potential Other Criteria o Nuisance (noise, odor, landfill demand, ionizing radiation) 7
Principles of Life Cycle Assessment LCA / Eco-Impact Challenges Eco Impact / LCA quantification: ◼ Companies, customers, analysts, legislators, NGOs want it ❑ ❑ Gauge progress, measure impacts / benefits, assess eco-opportunities But… ◼ ❑ Eco-impact LCAs are complex and data / time demanding Data gaps & method inconsistencies → apples vs oranges ❑ 8
Principles of Life Cycle Assessment Scope Four major life cycle stages for ICT products Manufacturing Stage Transport Stage Use Stage End-of-Life Stage Raw Materials Intermediate Final Transport, Use and Takeback, Extraction; Transport and Distribution, and Servicing of ICT Recycling, final Intermediate Assembly of ICT Installation of Product disposition of ICT Components and Product ICT Product Product Sub-assemblies Manufacturing Operational Embodied Eco Eco Footprint Footprint Total Eco Footprint 9 9
LCA Estimation ▪ Eco-impact Assessment of ICT Products Methods and data are similar for most classes of products ❑ ~ 90% of parts have common application in ICT product types ❑ ▪ Goals/Approach Simplified processes to more easily derive eco-impact information ❑ Categorize targeted components (that produce the dominant eco-impact) ❑ Provide a reasonable accuracy - suited to ICT industry’s needs ❑ Provide a means for continuous improvement → relative to continuing ❑ technological developments 10 10
ICT LCA Estimator Methodology: Component Categorization Component groups with similar materials and manufacturing processes ICT – Common Component Groups ICT - Specialized Component Groups Printed Wiring Boards (PWBs) Optical / Opto-electronic Devices - laser amplifiers, etc. Integrated Circuits - including semiconductor devices Radio Frequency Components - power amplifiers, antennas, etc. Electro – Mechanical Components - fans, motors, etc. Disk Drives Metals / Metallic Mechanical Components - cabinets, Camera Devices - CCDs, etc. frames, structural parts, heat sinks, etc. Polymeric Mechanical Components - plastic parts Copier Components - photoreceptor drum, fuser, laser scanning unit, toner cartridge, printer head, ink Displays - electronic display / imaging devices cartridge Power Supplies Other – Lamps, Crystals, Polarized Glass Large Capacitors Batteries Cables - signal, RF, power cords, wires, optical fiber 11 11 11
ICT LCA Estimator Methodology: Component Type Eco-impacts 12 12 12
PWB Component Group – Rules, Parameters, Criteria Bare Printed Wiring Boards (PWB) ▪ Rules / Parameters / Criteria: ❑ Size (sq. cm) ❑ Layers (#) ❑ Single vs. double sided ❑ Surface finish (e.g. ImSn, ImAg, ENIG) ❑ Board material (FR4, etc) ▪ Algorithm: ❑ Simple summation model ❑ Pattern Recognition / Regression Analysis GWP PWB = A B [α + (β S F ) + (γ B L )] Where: A B is the area of the PWB α is the “intercept” coefficient β is the “PWB surface finish type” coefficient SF is the PWB surface finish type γ is the “PWB layer” coefficient BL is the number of layers in the PWB 13 13 13
IC Component Group – Rules, Parameters, Criteria Large Integrated Circuits (ICs) ▪ Rules / Parameters / Criteria: ❑ Package Type (e.g. BGA,,PLCC, QFP, TQFP) ❑ Inputs / Outputs (pin count) ▪ Algorithm: ❑ Simple summation model ❑ Pattern Recognition / Regression Analysis GWP IC = N IC [α + (β I T ) + (γ C IO )] Where: N IC is the number of ICs in this classification α is the “Intercept” coefficient β is the ”IC classification type” coefficient I T is the IC classification type (current range: e.g., PLCC → I T = 1; BGA → I T = 2; QFP → I T = 3; TQFP → I T = 4) γ is the ”IC pin count” coefficient C IO is the number of input / outputs for the IC type 14 14 14
Manufacturing Stage LCA – Embodied GHG Emissions Bare PWBs & Eco-impact of Manufacturing Stage Components = Contribution of components, sub- assemblies, cabinets and Surface Mounting Circuit Pack Thru- hole Mounting packaging materials Process Assembly Process Process + Intermediate Transports + ICT ICT Product Cabinets, Frames, ICT Assembly Processes Subassemblies Assembly Process Chassis + Software Development ICT Product Software/Firmware + Testing Process Load ICT Product Testing + Packaging Process Packaging ICT Product Materials Packaging Process * For estimation simplicity: factors may be applied for the process steps (in blue) Finished ICT Product 15 15
Transport Stage LCA ▪ Rules / Parameters / Criteria ❑ Location of final product assembly (nodal point – by region) ❑ Location of product integration center / warehouse (nodal point – by region) ❑ Location of final product installation (nodal point – by region) ❑ Final product shipping weight ❑ Transport mode – surface / air ❑ Transport mode GWP factors (per kilogram of shipped product weight per kilometer traveled) Additional factors to be considered include: ▪ Transportation equipment used ▪ Fuels used ▪ Transport load factor ▪ Empty return rate for transport means 16 16
Use Stage LCA Product Type On Mode Standby Off Mode Avg Lifetime Mode Hours/Year Hours/Year Hours/Year Years Laptops 2,628 876 5,256 4 Desktops 4,380 1,095 1,095 6 Router 8760 0 0 5 ▪ Rules / Parameters / Criteria : Wireless base 7008 1752 0 10 station Optical switch 8760 0 0 20 (Central Office) ❑ Location where product is used – by region ❑ Power consumption – per typical product configuration and feature set ▪ Function of product usage (e.g. active, idle / sleep modes, etc.) ▪ Include power to cool equipment internally and externally ❑ Power usage per annum – this can be an average daily power usage based on a typical pattern of usage that includes sleep modes and other power saving features ❑ Product operating life (e.g., typical operating life or design life) ❑ Servicing – eco-impact associated with servicing of ICT product (may be significant, e.g. network equipment) → estimate as a factor 17 17
End-of-Life Stage LCA ▪ Rules / Parameters / Criteria (Simplistic Approach): ❑ Breakdown of product into its constituent components and materials – e.g., circuit boards, frames / chassis, metals, polymers, etc. ❑ Conversion factors for eco-impacts of recycling operations for constituent materials – examples: ▪ PCs - Europe: 70% recycling & incineration / 30% landfill (e.g. WEEE requirements) ▪ LAN & Office Telecom: switches / servers - 80% recycling & incineration / 20% landfill ▪ Telecom Networks: routers, telepresence, fixed line network interface - 90% recycling & incineration / 10% landfill ❑ End-of-Life GHG factors – includes de-installation, transport to recycling facility / disposal site ▪ Full recycling (w/ integration back into raw materials extraction / intermediate mfg) ▪ Incineration (w/ energy recovery) ▪ Landfill (w/ landfill gas energy recovery) 18 18
LCA Estimator Tool (spreadsheet-based) Circa 2012 19 19
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