Fla lavoba obacter cterial ial Diseases of Diseases of Fish Fish Thomas P homas P . Loch, MS, PhD . Lo h, MS, PhD Aqu Aquatic tic Anima Animal l Health lth Laborato tory, , Dep Dept. t. of P Path thobiolo iology & Dia y & Diagnosti stic Investiga In estigati tion on, M , Mic ichiga higan Sta n State Un te Univ iver ersi sity ty, , East East La Lansing nsing MI, MI, 48 4882 824; D 4; Dep ept. t. of of Fis Fishe heries ries & & Wil ildlif dlife, e, Mic ichiga higan n Sta State te Un Univ iver ersi sity ty, , East East La Lansing M nsing MI, I, 48824 48824
Aquacultur Aquac ulture & e & Fish Fish Dise Disease ase USDA - National Agricultural Statistics Service Report Total value of trout sales raised in USA (2013) = $96.4 million (51.1 million trout sold) 60,000,000 Trout Sold 50,000,000 40,000,000 Trout Lost to Disease 30,000,000 Trout Lost 20,000,000 to Other 10,000,000 Causes 0
Fla lavobacterial Diseases obacterial Diseases in Fish in Fish Leading pathogen-associated impediments to fish culture in MI, USA, globally
The “Big Three” Fla lavobacterium obacterium spp spp. F . ps . psychr hrop ophilum hilum F . br . bran anchiop hiophilum hilum F . . co columna lumnare
Bacter Bacterial ial Cold Coldwater Disease ter Disease • Primarily a disease of salmonids (usually < 15 ˚C)
Horiz Horizontal ontal Transm ansmiss ission ion of of Fla lavobacterium psy obacterium psychr hrophilum ophilum
Shedding of Shed ding of F . psy . psychr hrophilum ophilum 3 dead fish (11° C) for 24 hrs: 3 x 100,000,000 x 24= 7.2 billion 7.2 billion bacteria!!!! bacteria!!!! Madetoja Madetoja et al. 20 et al. 2000 00
Biofilm Biofilm & I & Infr nfrastr astructur ucture
Transmission of ansmission of F . . psy psychr hrophilum ophilum
Sur Surfac ace Disin e Disinfec ectio tion n of of Fer ertiliz tilized ed Salm Salmonid Eg onid Eggs ( gs (Iodophor Iodophor) Con Conce cent ntration tion/dur /duration tion sp spec ecies ies de depe pend nden ent
To o Ensur Ensure Maximal E e Maximal Egg-Surf Surface ace Dis Disinf infectio ection E n Efficac ficacy Remo emova val l of of o ova varian rian fl fluid pr uid prior ior to to Rinse Rinse eggs gs w/ w/ disinf disinfec ection tion iodo iodoph phor or, , deca decant, nt, ad add d ba bath th iod iodop opho hor Main Mainta tain in pH pH of of Cir Circu cula lation tion du during ring iodoph iodo phor or sol’n (7.0 (7.0 – egg g disinf disinfec ection tion 7.5) 7.5) Str Striv ive e for or iodo iodoph phor or to to egg g ratio tio of of 4 4:1 :1
Ong Ongoing oing res esea earch h aimed aimed at ha t halting lting or or r red educ ucing ing int intra-ova va fla flavob obac acte teria rial l tr tran ansmission smission
Diseas Disease e Pr Prevention ention • Bi Biose osecu curit rity – Egg disinfection – Separate rearing unit tools – Surface water treatment (i.e., UV disinfection) • Rea earing ring de densities nsities • Rea earing ring un unit it hyg hygiene iene • Opti Optimal mal water ter fl flows ws • Opti Optimal mal nu nutri trition tion • Freq eque uent nt remo emoval of val of mor morts ts (e (even en mor more du e during ring ou outbr tbrea eak) k) • Cull Culling ing of of mori moribu bund nd f fish w ish whe hen po n possible ssible
Ear Early Dia y Diagnosis gnosis & I & Inter ntervention ention
Columnaris Columnaris Diseas Disease • Fla lavob obac acte terium rium co columna lumnare • A leading A leading ca caus use e of of l los osse ses s in US in US ca catfish tfish aq aqua uacu cultur lture • “Warm - water” disease ( >18- 20°C), bu but t eme emerging ging in in co cold ldwate ter aq aqua uacu cultur lture e (~ 12-15°C, rainbow trout) • Ext Extreme emely y wide ho wide host st-ran ange ge
Columnaris Columnaris Diseas Disease
Columnaris: Disease Signs
R.C. Cipriano
Columnaris: Disease Signs
R. C. Cipriano
Columnaris: Disease Signs
Transmission of F . columnare Live= Liv e= Shed Shed ~10 ~10 3 3 CFU CFU ml ml −1 hr hr −1 Remo emoval of val of Dead F Dead Fish ish Extr Extremel emely y Impor Important! tant! Dead Dead = Shed ~10 = Shed ~10 6 6 CFU CFU ml ml −1 hr hr −1
F . columnare & the Environment • Infectious in distilled (lab conditions) for at least 5 months • Survives in lake water for > 2 years • Grows well on particulate fish food Avoidanc oidance! e!
Prevention of Columnaris Disease • Management is paramount! – Biose Biosecurity curity – Reduc educe e rearing earing dens densities ities – Rearing earing unit unit hyg hygiene iene – Optimal Optimal water flo ter flows ws & & water qual ter quality ity – Optimal Optimal nutrition nutrition – Freque equent r nt remo emoval val of of mor morts ts – Culling Culling of of moribu moribund nd fish fish • Licen License sed d va vaccine ccines s ar are a e ava vaila ilable ble • Geneticall Genetically y resistant esistant fi fish sh stoc stocks ks • Vigilance igilance for diseas or disease e sign signs – Ra Rapid pid Dx Dx/inte /intervent ention ion w/ w/ aqu aquatic V tic Vet/F et/Fish ish Healt ealth h Pr Prof of.
Bacter Bacterial ial Gill Disease (BGD) Gill Disease (BGD) • Fla lavob obac acte terium rium br bran anchiop hiophilum hilum • A disea A disease se of of c cultu ultured ed fi fish sh, , risk risk fac acto tors s inc include lude: – Hi High gh r rea eari ring ng den densiti sities es – Lo Low w H 2 O e O excha hang nge e rates tes – High f igh feeding eeding r rates tes – Sou Source ce water ter contains fi contains fish sh • All All FW FW fi fish sh su susc scep eptib tible le – Most Most r repor eports in cool/ ts in cool/cold w cold water ter fi fish sh
BGD BGD- Beha Behavior vioral al Changes Changes • Inappetence, then…
Bacter Bacterial ial Gill Disease (BGD) Gill Disease (BGD)
BGD- Gill BGD Gill Biops Biopsy R. C. Cipriano
BGD BGD- Gill “Clubbing” R. C. Cipriano
Prevention of BGD • Maintain optimal culture conditions – Avoid high rearing densities – Optimal water quality – Avoid organic accumulations • No vaccines • Vigilance for abnormal behavior of fish • When needed, early detection!
Ac Ackno knowledgements wledgements • MI MI Dep Dept. t. of of Na Natu tural al Res esou ource ces • GL GLFT FT – Grant # 2010-1147 • USD USDA A – NIF NIFA – Grant # 2016-67015- 24891 – Grant # # 2016- 70007-25756
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