Famous Photographers & Images AWQ 3O & 4M Mr. C. Murray
Left: Nicephore Niepce, circa 1795. Left: Niepce’s earliest surviving photograph, circa 1827 - Starting in 1829 he began collaborating on improved photographic processes with Louis Daguerre. Niepce – world’s first permanent photograph - The Niepce crater on the Moon has been named after him in recognition of his accomplishments Nicephore Niepce – was a French inventor, most noted as a pioneer in photography. The earliest known surviving example of a Niépce photograph (or any other photograph) was created in June or July of 1827. In 2002 another early photograph by Niepce was discovered. It was taken in 1825 of a young stable boy leading a horse, the photograph was auctioned off in France for more than 500,000 Euros ( approx. 678,000 USD ). Niépce called his process "heliography", meaning "sun writing". The exposure time required is an issue still debated today, somewhere between 8 and 20 hours. Because of the very long exposure time, the process was used to photograph buildings and inanimate objects, but could not be practically used to photograph people.
Photographers from the Civil War: Mathew Brady & Timothy O’Sullivan - recorded U.S. Civil War - documentation of the horrors and disasters of war -Mathew Brady did not actually shoot many of the Civil War photographs attributed to him. He was more of a project manager and he spent most of his time supervising his traveling photographers, preserving their negatives and buying others from private photographers when they returned fresh from the battlefield Mathew B. Brady , - Brady routinely took credit for the work of his staff photographs circa 1875 Joseph Hooker, 1814-1879 Mathew Brady Studio Mathew Brady, 1861 Albumen silver print, 1863 Ulysses S. Grant, 1822-1885 Mathew Brady Studio Albumen silver print, 1864
The Harvest of Death : Union dead on the battlefield at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, photographed July 4, 1863. Albumen print, 7 x 8 11/16 in. “Slowly, over the misty fields of Gettysburg--as all reluctant to expose their ghastly horrors to the light--came the sunless morn, after the retreat by [General Robert. E.] Lee's broken army. Through the shadowy vapors, it was, indeed, a "harvest of death" that was presented; hundreds and thousands of torn Union and rebel soldiers strewed the now quiet fighting ground, soaked by the rain, which for two days had drenched the country with its fitful showers.” Timothy O’Sullivan – photography to record Although Gardner's caption identifies the historical events (U.S. Civil War) – depicts the men in the photograph as "rebels represented...without shoes," they are reality of war probably Union dead. During the Civil War, shoes were routinely removed from corpses because supplies were scarce and surviving troops needed them. Timothy H. O’Sullivan (1840 -1882) - as a teenager he was employed by Matthew Brady, a Civil War photographer - Under the employ of Mathew Brady photographers were sent out to document the war. To do this they had traveling darkrooms so that collodion plats could be processed on the spot. - In 1862 or 1863, he joined the studio of Alexander Gardner, who included forty-four of O'Sullivan's photographs in Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War, the first published collection of Civil War photographs. After the war he photographed the American West.
Timothy O'Sullivan Timothy H. O'Sullivan , Field Where General Reynolds Fell, Gettysburg negative July 1863; print 1866 Albumen print 6 15/16 x 9 in. Photographers Wagon & Tent Timothy H. O'Sullivan Desert Sand Hill near Sink of Carson, Nevada American, Nevada, 1867 Albumen print 8 13/16 x 11 7/16 in. Timothy O'Sullivan's darkroom wagon, pulled by four mules, entered the frame at the right side of the photograph, reached the center of the image, and abruptly U-turned, heading back out of the frame. Footprints leading from the wagon toward the camera reveal the photographer's path. Made at the Carson Sink in Nevada, this image of shifting sand dunes reveals the patterns of tracks recently reconfigured by the wind. The wagon's striking presence in this otherwise barren scene dramatizes the pioneering experience of exploration and discovery in the wide, uncharted landscapes of the American West.
Edweard Muybridge (1830 - 1904) - known primarily for his early use of multiple cameras to capture motion, and his zoopraxiscope, a device for projecting motion pictures that predated celluloid film strip used today. - The Horse in Motion Muybridge – photography as an aid in scientific shows that the hooves all investigation leave the ground at the moment when all the hooves are tucked under the horse, as it switches In 1872, soon-to-be Governor of California Leland Stanford, a from "pulling" from the businessman and race-horse owner, had taken a position on a front legs to "pushing" popularly-debated question of the day: whether during a horse's from the back legs. gallop, all four hooves were ever off the ground at the same time. Stanford sided with this assertion, called "unsupported transit", and took it upon himself to prove it scientifically. (Though legend also includes a wager of up to $25,000, there is no evidence of this.) Stanford sought out Muybridge and hired him to settle the question. To do this Muybridge developed a scheme for instant motion picture capture as well as improving chemical formulas and development of an electrical trigger.
In the 1880’s, Muybridge invents the zoopraxiscope which produced a series of images of a moving subject. The Zoopraxiscope projected a series of images (hand painted from Muybridge's photographic sequences) on a circular rotating glass plate. The images were elongated to compensate for the distortion caused by projection through a rotating shutter. http://web.inter.nl.net/users/anima/optical/zoopraxi/index.htm
Julia Margaret Cameron (1815 – 1879) – was known for her portraits of celebrities of the time, and for romantic/dreamy themed images ( with far-away looks and limp poses and soft lighting) - work had a huge impact on the development of modern photography, especially her closely cropped portraits which are still mimicked today - her career was short and came late in her life – her daughter gave Julia her first camera when she was 48 years old - Cameron strove to capture beauty in her images and her images often employ a soft focus technique as well as vignetting - most her work falls into two categories: closely framed portraits and illustrative allegories based on religious Cameron – set up photos illustrating and literary works. stories, romantic dreamy themed Left: ” I Wait ”, 1860s images – early female photogrpaher.
Left:: ” Mrs. Herbert Duckworth ”, April 1867 Below: “ Sadness ”, 1864 Above: “ Self- Portrait by Julia Margaret Cameron. Above Right: “ The Parting of Sir Lancelot and Queen Guinevere ” Left: ” Pomona ”, 1872
Nadar or Gaspard-Felix Tournachon (1820 – 1910) – was born in 1820, he was a caricaturist for a Paris newspaper - He took his first photographs in 1853 and in 1858 he became the first person to take aerial photographs and use artificial lighting - he used artificial lighting (magnesium flares) when descending into the sewers and catacombs of Paris - he built a huge hot air baloon named Le Geant (The Giant) and took aerial photographs of Paris – Nadar – first person to take aerial photographs he later crashed the balloon and use artificial lighting, also known for his early portraits
Nadar Above: Self-Portrait c. 1855 Above Right: Sarah Bernhardt c. 1825 André Gill, La Lune June 2, 1867 Right:: Hand-colored Engraving The Sewers 12"w x 18"h 1864-65
George Eastman (1854-1932) - founded the Eastman Kodak Company and invented roll film which helped bring photography into the mainstream. - roll film was also the basis for motion picture film - In 1884, he patented a photographic medium that replaced fragile glass plates with a photo- emulsion coated on paper rolls. The invention of roll film greatly speeded up the process of recording multiple images. - He coined the marketing phrase “You push the button, we do the rest.” - The camera owner could return it with a processing fee of $10, and the company would develop the film and return 100 pictures, along with a new roll of 100 exposures. - The letter “K” had been a favourite of Eastman’s, he is quoted in saying it seems a strong, incisive sort of letter". He and his mother devised the name Kodak with an anagram set. He said that there were three principal concepts he used in creating the name: it must be short, you can not mispronounce it, and it could not resemble anything or be associated with anything but Kodak In 1932, Eastman died by his own hand, leaving a suicide note that read, "My work is done. Why wait?“.
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