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Experiment to Characterize Aircraft Volatile Aerosol and Trace-Species Emissions EXCAVATE Bruce Anderson, Lee Thornhill, Eddie Winstead, Charles Hudgins, Jim Plant and Sandy Branham NASA Langley Research Center 757-864-5850

  1. Experiment to Characterize Aircraft Volatile Aerosol and Trace-Species Emissions EXCAVATE Bruce Anderson, Lee Thornhill, Eddie Winstead, Charles Hudgins, Jim Plant and Sandy Branham NASA Langley Research Center 757-864-5850 b.e.anderson@larc.nasa.gov

  2. Participants/Contributors University of Minnesota – David Pui, Hee Siew Han Aerodyne Research – Rick Miake-Lye, Joda Wormhoudt, Hacene Boudries, Doug Worsnop, Manjula Canagaratna Air Force Lab – Tom Miller, John Ballenthin, Don Hunton, Al Viggiano AEDC – Bob Hiers, Robert Howard U. California Irvine – Don Blake, Murray McEchern NASA Glen – Paul Penko, Clarence Chang

  3. Project Sponsors Office of Aerospace Technology Ultra-Efficient Engine Technology Program Environmental Effects Element Chowen Wey, Manager Office of Earth Science Radiation Sciences Program Don Anderson, Manager

  4. Project Objectives • Determine exhaust aerosol concentrations and speciation as a functions of engine power and fuel composition. • Determine fraction of fuel S converted from S(IV) to S(VI) as a function of engine power and fuel S • Determine density and speciation of exhaust chemiions • Observe evolution of emissions as plume cools and ages • Examine the stability/repeatability of measured particulate emission characteristics

  5. Emission Sources T-38 Talon J85-GE-5A Turbojet Engines 3850 lbs thrust Boeing 757 RB-211-535E4 High Bypass, Turbofan Engines 40,100 lbs thrust

  6. Measurements Species/Parameter Technique Group Engine Parameters Aircraft Systems LaRC Fuel Sulfur Content X-ray Fluorescence LaRC Exhaust Parameters (T, P, Velocity) Pitot tubes, thermocouples LaRC Sample and Exhaust CO2 IR spectrometer LaRC Aerosol Size and Volatility (3 to 100 nm) Nano DMA UM Aerosol Size (10 to 1000 nm) DMA, OPC LaRC & GRC Black Carbon Aethelometer LaRC Nonmethane Hydrocarbons Grab Samples LaRC/UCI SO2, CO2, SO3, H2O, HONO TDL Aerodyne/GRC Aerosol Composition Mass Spectrometer Aerodyne H2SO4, HONO, HNO3, SO2 Chemical Ion Mass Spect AFRL Ion Density Gerdien Condenser AFRL Ion Composition Ion Mass Spec AFRL

  7. Test Facility

  8. Aerosol Sampling Probe UM Lab Tests AEDC Design 600 o C 1 0.8 Particle Penetration 0.6 0.4 Dilution Ratio: 1 Dilution Ratio : 2 Dilution Ratio: 3 8 LPM Isokinetic Flow Dilution Ratio: 7 0.2 At 200 m/s Velocity 0 0 50 100 150 200 Particle Size (nm)

  9. Sampling Probes

  10. Sampling Probes

  11. Probe Stand/Instrument Sled

  12. Probe Stand/Instrument Sled

  13. Test Set-up

  14. Aerosol Sampling Systems PROBE Exhaust Stream 0 – 50 SLPM 1/4 inch St. St. MFC 1/2 inch St. St. Dry PAGEMS Van 20 – 30 feet N2 Co-located Instruments U Minn in Trailer n ASA NASA LaRC LICOR – CO2 NASA LaRC Aerosol System Aerodyne Aerosol MS Pump Sample Pressure 0 – 50 SLPM 0 – 50 SLPM P P MFC MFC

  15. Gas Sampling Systems Inlet Probe Pitot Tube Static Static Pressure 0 – 1000 torr Total Delta Pressure 0 – 1000 torr Aerodyne TDL System AFRL IMS AFRL CIMS System System PAGEMS GRC Van LICOR CO2 NASA - Trailer

  16. Langley Aerosol System Inlet HEPA HEPA 0 – 10 MFM P 1 LPM Orifice 500 torr 0 – 10 MFC Dual DMA Pump 0 – 10 MFC Sheath Flow #2 TSI 3025 TSI 3762 0 – 2 MFC TSI 3022 0 – 2 MFC 0 – 2 MFC TSI 3760 Heaters @ 300C TSI 3760 PSAP 0 – 2 MFC PMS HSLAS System Flow Bypass Flow Exhaust Pump 0 – 10 MFC 0 – 10 MFM

  17. J85-GE Performance Characteristics 500 3.0 2.8 Exhaust Gas Temperature (C) 450 2.6 Exhaust Fraction CO2% 400 2.4 350 2.2 300 2.0 250 1.8 200 1.6 50 60 70 80 90 100 50 60 70 80 90 100 Engine Power (%) Engine Power (%) 500 1.0 400 0.8 Exhaust Velocity (m/s) Mach Number 300 0.6 200 0.4 100 0.2 0 0.0 50 60 70 80 90 100 50 60 70 80 90 100 Engine Power (%) Engine Power (%)

  18. J85-GE Aerosol Emissions J85-GE Aerosol Emissions Aerosol Number EI (#/kg) 25 m 1E16 10 m 1 m 1E15 50 60 70 80 90 100 Engine Power (%)

  19. J85-GE Aerosol Emissions J85-GE Black Carbon Emissions 500 450 400 Black Carbon EI (mg/kg) 350 300 10 m 250 200 150 100 50 1 m 0 50 60 70 80 90 100 % Engine Power

  20. J85-GE Emissions

  21. J85-GE Emissions Impact of Dilution on EI (X 1.E15) 25 Sample CO2 3200 ppm 20 1600 ppm 800 ppm 15 10 5 0 50 60 70 80 90 100 Engine Power

  22. RB-211 Test Sequence RB-211 Engine Test Sequence 26-27 January 2003 1.6 1820 ppmS 1050 ppmS 1.5 810 ppmS Engine Pressure Ratio 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 Probe at 1 m Probe at 10 m 0.9 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 1-Second Averaged Data Points

  23. RB-211 Aerosol Sampling Sequence RB211 Test Sequence January 26, 1820 ppmS fuel 1.5 1.4 Engine Pressure Ratio 1.3 1 meter Probe 1.2 1.1 25 meter Probe 1.0 11:20 11:30 11:40 11:50 12:00 12:10 12:20 12:30 12:40 12:50 13:00 Universal Time

  24. RB-211 Performance Characteristics B757 Emissions B757 Emissions 400 Exhaust Velocity 1 m Behind Exit Plain (m/s) 650 350 Exhaust Gas Temperature (C) 600 300 550 250 500 200 450 150 400 100 350 50 300 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Engine Pressure Ratio Engine Pressure Ratio B757 Emissions B757 Emissions 4.0 10 3.5 Fuel Flow Rate (lbs/hr) Exhaust CO2 @ 1m (%) 8 3.0 6 2.5 4 2.0 2 1.5 0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Engine Pressure Ratio Engine Pressure Ratio

  25. RB-211 Performance Characteristics RB-211 Plume Dilution EPR 1.03 10000 1.15 Delta CO2 (ppmv) 6:1 1.30 1.40 25:1 10:1 1000 43:1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Sampling Distance (m)

  26. RB-211 Emissions RB-211 Gas Phase Emissions 0.35 HONO Emmision Index (g/kg) 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 10 m 0.10 0.05 1 m 0.00 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Engine Pressure Ratio

  27. RB-211 Aerosol Emissions RB-211 Emissions; 1820 ppmS, Run#1 1E17 Start Engine 25 m Aerosol Number EI (#/kg) 1E16 1 m 1E15 1.15 EPR=1.03 1.4 1.30 1.03 1.5 1E14 16:30 16:45 17:00 17:15 17:30 17:45 Universal Time

  28. RB-211 Aerosol Emissions RB-211 Emissions; 1820 ppmS, Run#1 1.03 EPR=1.03 1.15 1.3 1.4 1.5 1000 Aerosol Mass EI (mg/kg) 1 m 100 25 m 10 16:30 16:45 17:00 17:15 17:30 17:45 Universal Time

  29. RB-211 Aerosol Emissions RB211 Aerosol Emissions 1820 ppmS Fuel Aerosol Number EI x E15/kg 35 m 10 25 m 1 m 10 m 1 0.1 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Engine Pressure Ratio

  30. RB-211 Aerosol Emissions RB211 Black Carbon Emissions 160 140 Black Carbon EI (mg/kg) 120 25 m 100 80 60 1 m 40 20 0 -20 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Engine Pressure Ratio

  31. RB-211 Aerosol Emissions Aerosol Emissions - 1820 ppms 1000 Mass EI (mg/m3) 35 m 25 m 100 10 m 1 m 10 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Engine Pressure Ratio

  32. RB-211 Aerosol Emissions RB211 Aerosol Emissions RB211 Aerosol Emissions 1.30 Engine Pressure Ratio 1.30 Engine Pressure Ratio 250 Aerosol Number EI x E15/kg 10 1820 ppmS Aerosol Mass EI (mg/kg) 200 1820 ppmS 150 1050 ppmS 1 100 1050 ppmS 50 0 0.1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Sampling Distance (m) Sampling Distance (m)

  33. RB-211 Aerosol Emissions 500 500 300 300 10 m 10 m 1m 1m 50 50 600 600 250 250 400 400 40 40 Sulphate µg m Sulphate µg m Organics µg m -3 Organics µg m -3 200 200 300 300 30 30 400 400 150 150 200 200 20 20 -3 -3 100 100 100 100 10 10 200 200 50 50 0 0 0 0 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 8 9 7 8 9 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 8 9 7 8 9 10 10 100 100 1000 1000 0 0 0 0 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 6 7 8 9 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 6 7 8 9 10 10 100 100 1000 1000 35m 35m 25m 25m 300 300 4000 4000 600 600 60 60 250 250 Sulphate µg m -3 Sulphate µg m -3 -3 -3 3000 3000 Organics µg m Organics µg m 200 200 400 400 40 40 150 150 2000 2000 200 200 100 100 20 20 1000 1000 50 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 6 7 8 9 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 8 9 7 8 9 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 6 7 8 9 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 6 7 8 9 10 10 100 100 1000 1000 10 10 100 100 1000 1000 Aerodynamic Diameter (nm) Aerodynamic Diameter (nm) Figure 8: Variation of aerodynamic diameter of sulfate (red) and organics (green) as a function of probe distance and measured for engine power of 1.4 EPR.

  34. RB-211 Aerosol Emissions -3 810 ppm 80x10 1050 ppm EI Organics (g /kg Fuel) 1820 ppm 60 40 20 0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Engine power (EPR) 810 ppm -3 1050 ppm 15x10 1820 ppm EI Sulfate (g/kg Fuel) 10 5 0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Figure 9: Emission indices versus engine power. Error bars indicated experimental variability

  35. RB-211 Aerosol Emissions -3 14x10 810 ppm 1050 ppm EI Sulfate (G/Kg Fuel) 12 1820 ppm 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0.10 810 ppm 1050 ppm EI Organics (g/Kg Fuel) 0.08 1820 ppm 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Probe distance (m) Figure 10: Emission indices versus probe distance. Error bars indicated experiment variability

  36. RB-211 Aerosol Emissions RB-211 Aerosol Emissions 7 3 5 1 minute 9 100000 after start 11 10000 dN/dLog(Dp) 1000 100 10 10 100 Diameter (nm)

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