Evolution of welfare systems in Europe From retrenchment to social investment andrea.bassi7@unibo.it 1
1. Evolution of Welfare State 2. Trends, Challenges and Opportunities 3. Form Welfare State to Welfare (caring) Society? 3.1 Welfare recalibration 3.2 Relational welfare state 4. Future Scenarios: “After the crisis” 2
I Evolution of Welfare State 3
Phases in the evolution of Welfare State 1. Security State [1700 – 1800]; 2. Occupational Welfare State – “O . von Bismarck model” [end 1800 – First World War]; 3. Economic crisis of 1929 and the two World Wars; 4. Universalistic Welfare State – “J .M. Keynes – Lord W. Beveridge ” [from II° World War to mid 1970] oil crisis 1973/74; 5. Minimum State – R. Nozick – M. Friedman [1978 – until the financial crisis 2008]; 6. Globalization process: the end of the Soviet Union [1989 fall of the Berlin Wall]; 7. Where we are now? Are we entering in a new phase? Are we opening a new “thirty year” period? 4
THE WELFARE DIAMOND State (Public administration) Market Nonprofit Sector Well-being (For profit enterprises) (Social Enterprises) Family/Community Marja Pijl (1994), When Private Care Goes Public. An Analysis of Concepts and Principles Concerning Payments for Care , in A. Evers, M. Pijl, C. Ungerson (Eds.) (1994), Payments for Care A Comparative Overview , European Centre Vienna, Avebury, p. 3-18. 5
The four logics of caring 1. Market logic : it is based on profit seeking through competition; 2. State logic : it is based on the principle to guarantee to all citizens social rights entitlement; and it operates by means of formal public institution and burocracies; 3. Associative logic : it is based on ethic norms and moral codes; and it operates by a plurality of non profit organizations (civil society associations); 4. Private informal care logic : it is based on the family as key institution; and it operates by practices build into moral and personal obligations, emotional relationships and social relations. 6
Sectors that produce well-being and their relative indicators - 1 Institutions State Market Civil Society Family and Informal Networks Sectors that State Sector Market Sector Third Sector Informal Sector produce welfare (family and primary networks) 1. Principle of Hierarchy Competition Free will Personal obligation coordination (command) Private Enterprise 2. Supply side Public Non-profit Family and collective actors administration associations networks of relatives, friends, and neighbors 3. Entitled actors Citizen (social Consumer or client Current or potential Member of the (demand side) rights of citizenship) member of the community (familial, association local, or personal network) 4. Regulation of Right guaranteed Ability to pay Sharing a need Ascription or access upon legal request acceptance 7
Sectors that produce well-being and their relative indicators - 2 Institutions State Market Civil Society Family and Informal Networks Law Money 5. Means of Influence (topic, Value commitment exchange communication) (evaluation of value, personal attention) 6. Central value of Equality Freedom of choice Solidarity through Full reciprocity as admission rules of conditional symbolic exchange reciprocity (altruistic) Social and civic activity Personal sharing 7. Criterion of the Collective security Consume (of private (production of (production of primary good added goods) relational goods) secondary relational goods) Unequal distribution of Limitations of free 8. Primary Carelessness Inequality due to goods and services, choice due to moral shortcoming of each concerning the most lack of money ineffective structures obligations of the sector personal needs and poor management person in the family and primary networks 8
Types of welfare "regimes" (1) Liberal welfare state ; common in the Anglo-Saxon countries and characterized by limited, means-tested assistance with strict entitlement rules; (2) Corporatist (continental-conservative) welfare state ; more common on the continent of Europe in which the state supplies welfare assistance but preserves many of the status differences of pre-modern society; (3) Social democratic welfare state ; in the Nordic countries involving universalism and a separation of welfare provision from the market system ("de- commodification"). (4) Mediterranean welfare state ; in Southern European Countries (Italy, Spain, Portugal, Greek); (5) Leninist welfare state ; in Eastern European Countries (during the communist regime period); 9
Models of Third-Sector Regime Nonprofit Sector scale Low High Low Statist Liberal Government social Welfare spending High Social-democratic Corporatist Salamon L. and Anheier H. (1998), Social Origins of Civil Society: Explaining the Nonprofit Sector Cross-Nationally , in “ Voluntas ” , Vol. 9, N. 3, 1998, pp. 213-248. 10
Religious traditions and welfare regimes West Welfare East Welfare Northern Welfare Systems Systems Models Protestant Calvinist Lutherans reformed reformed Churches Church Catholic Manow, P. (2004), The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly – Esping-Andersen's Regime Typology and the Religious Roots of the Western Welfare Southern Welfare State , MPIfG Working Paper 04/3, September Models 2004, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Cologne 11
Key words of welfare configuration WELFARE STATE NEO-LIBERALISM SOCIAL INVESTMENT State Market Society / Community Universalism De-regulation Personalization / Empowerment Equality Freedom (of choice) Inclusion /cohesion Participation Privatization Social entrepreneurship Users Clients/customers Active citizens Social rights Means-tested Social Innovation Planning Marketization Accreditation Systems Negotiation Competition Partnership 12
The structure of society Upper Class Middle Class Lower Class Industrial Society Welfare State Neo-Liberalism (1800-1915) (1945-1975) (1978-2008) 13
Three pacts at the basis of the traditional Welfare State I. Pact between generations: those of working age sustain the rest, both elder and younger. Pensions are not really paid out of the savings of pensioners, but out of taxes on those who are working. It is a massive inter-generational income transfer. II. Pact between classes: underlying our coexistence is the acceptance of income transfers from the wealthier classes to the poorer (Progressive taxation). III. Pact between territories: every state has richer and poorer regions; these disparities have to be corrected by means of income transfers, and that without such “territorial cohesion” it is impossible to maintain the stability and unity of a country. (agreement, compromise, contract) 14
II Trends, challenges and opportunities 15
1. From quasi-market, through contracting out to social partnership State Nonprofit / Market Civil Society Organizations Families / informal networks 16
2. The New Public Management State Nonprofit / Market Civil Society Organizations Families / informal networks 17
3. Marketization of care State Nonprofit / Market Civil Society Organizations Families / informal networks 18
4. The new social entrepreneurial discourse/narrative State Nonprofit / Market Civil Society Organizations Families / informal networks 19
Typologies of services “ marketization ” Private actors involvement Yes No 2. 1. Importation of private a) Outsourcing with competition; sector practices into Yes the b) Customer choice models public sector Market logics / 3. 4. Competition Outsourcing without ‘Traditional’ competition public sector No provision 20
POST NEOLIBERAL TIMES Upper Class Middle Class Lower Class Neo-Liberalism After the Crisis (1978-2008) (2015 - ????) 21
5. The democratic relationships: new forms of participation State Nonprofit / Market Civil Society Organizations Families / informal networks 22
6. New forms of co-production, co- management e co-governance State Nonprofit / Market Civil Society Organizations Families / informal networks 23
III Form Welfare State to Welfare (caring) Society? 24
Four pillars of new Welfare State Configuration Social Investment Social Social Well-being Innovation Inclusion Social Cohesion Jenson Jane (2014), Modernising paradigms. Social Investments via Social Innovation , paper presented at the International Conference: Towards Inclusive Employment and Welfare Systems: C hallenges for a Social Europe , Berlin, 9-10 October 2014, p. 1-17. 25
Political discourse on Social Investment Social Cohesion Social Innovation Social Social Entrepreneurship Investment Social Entrepreneur Social Enterprise Social Inclusion Welfare state / Welfare policy Social Economy 26
Models of Institutional/Social Change Path-dependent Path-breaking (self reinforcing mechanisms = incremental change) Path-creating Path-departing (innovations = (deviation from the introduction of new institutional rules/norms) configurations) 27
Welfare recalibration Anton Hemerijck 28
Recommend
More recommend
