Evaluation of the of the Turkish Turkish Reuse Reuse Evaluation Standards and and the the Compliance Compliance Standards Status Status Prof. Dr. Celal F Gokcay Gokcay Prof. Dr. Celal F Dept. of . of Environmental Environmental Engineering Engineering, , Dept Middle East East Technical Technical University University Middle Ankara Ankara e- -mail: mail: cfgokcay cfgokcay@ @metu metu.edu. .edu.tr tr e
Turkish Wastewater Wastewater Statistics Statistics - -1 1 Turkish Source: SIS : SIS Source � t total otal of 3215 Municipalities of 3215 Municipalities � � 1327 municipalities own 1327 municipalities own s sewer systems ewer systems � � 60 % of the 60 % of the t total otal population is served by sew population is served by sewe erage rage � systems systems � 35 % of 35 % of p population opulation is connected to a treatment plant is connected to a treatment plant � � t total otal of 1.6 billion m3 wastewater is treated of 1.6 billion m3 wastewater is treated to to some some � degree annually annually degree � t total otal of 129 treatment plants, of 129 treatment plants, with with capacities capacities 3000 3000 PE PE or or � higher, , exist exist in the country in the country higher � 78 78 of the of the plants plants provide provide secondary secondary ( (biolo biolog gi ical cal) ) treatment treatment � � 0.99 0.99 billion billion m3 m3 wastewater wastewater is is being being secondary secondary � (biologically biologically) ) treated treated (
Turkish Wastewater Wastewater Statistics Statistics - -2 2 Turkish � 9 advanced 9 advanced- -nutrient treating (BNR) plants nutrient treating (BNR) plants in in operation operation � � t the BNR plants produce effluents he BNR plants produce effluents compliant compliant with with the the 91 91- - � EU Directive EU Directive � a a total of 0.208 billion m3 wastewater is advanced total of 0.208 billion m3 wastewater is advanced � treated per year treated per year � 14 Plants are extended aeration plants; the 14 Plants are extended aeration plants; the likelyhood likelyhood of of � bacteria removals s s should hould be high in these be high in these bacteria removal � A total of 0.103 billion m3 A total of 0.103 billion m3 watewater watewater is being treated in is being treated in � extended aeration plants per year extended aeration plants per year � 3 Plants are trickling filters; treating 0.089 billion m3 / 3 Plants are trickling filters; treating 0.089 billion m3 / � year. Presumably these plants also provide higher Presumably these plants also provide higher year. bacteria removals s bacteria removal � Remaining 52 plants are mostly conventional activated Remaining 52 plants are mostly conventional activated � sludge plants and few are aerated lagoons. sludge plants and few are aerated lagoons.
Distribution of the Wastewater Treatment Plants in Turkey
Extended Aeration Wastewater Location Plants treated m3/y Antalya Antalya-Hurma 12 045 000 Antalya Kemer-Beldibi 3 468 960 Antalya Kemer-Camyuva 4 162 460 Antalya Kemer-Goynuk 3 279 525 Antalya Kemer-Kemer 3 721 175 Antalya Kemer-Tekirova 2 112 620 Bal ı kesir Edremit - Altinoluk (Yaz) 1 460 000 Bal ı kesir Edremit - Altinoluk (Yaz) 1 460 000 Bursa Inegol 23 360 000 İ çel Tarsus 7 700 588 İ sparta Merkez 2 522 280 İ stanbul Silivri-Silivri 485 450 Mu ğ la Dalaman 1 095 000 Sakarya Sakarya 36 500 000 TOTAL 103 373 058
Advanced (BNR) Treatment Wastewater Plants Place m3/y Antalya Hurma 12.045.000 Hatay İ skenderun 10.950.000 İ stanbul Terkos 620.500 İ stanbul Pa ş aköy 13.790.065 Izmir Merkez 144.740.240 Izmir Guneybat ı 7.884.000 Kayseri Kayseri 40150 000 Kocaeli Kullar 7.665.000 Antalya Alanya 10950000 TOTAL 208.644.805
TRICKLING F İ LTERS LOCATION Wastewater m3/y Çanakkale Ezine 98 550 Manisa Alasehir 1 024 920 Düzce Merkez-Duzce 87 600 000 TOTAL 88 723 470
Reuse of Treated Wastewaters in Central, Eastern, SouthEastern, Western Blacksea and Mediterranean Regions in Turkey Receiving Irrigation Province Place Name of plant plant Province Place Name of m3/a environ. status Aksaray (Primary t.) Merkez Aksaray Municipality WWTP 9 125 000 Karasu Stream INDIRECT * Ankara - ASKI, Ankara Municipal. WWTP 192 695 545 Ankara Creek INDIRECT * Eskisehir ** # - ESKI, Municipality WWTP 24 820 000 Porsuk River INDIRECT * Gaziantep ** # - GASKI , Municipality WWTP 73 000 000 S. Creek DIRECT Igd ı r (aer. Stabilization)) Merkez Igd ı r Municipality WWTP 551 880 Aras River DIRECT Kayseri # - Kayseri Municipality WWTP 32 850 000 Karasu River INDIRECT * Adana Kozan Kozan Municipality WWTP 2 780 000 Kozan Creek INDIRECT * Adana Yumurtal ı k Yumurtal ı k Municipality WWTP 48 000 Ayas Creek INDIRECT * Konya Ilgin Ilg ı n Municipality WWTP 2 838 240 Bulasan River INDIRECT * Nevsehir Urgup Urgüp Municipality WWTP Damsa Creek INDIRECT * DIRECT/Gediz İ zmir # Merkez IZSU Municipality WWTP 182 500 000 Izmir Bay Plane WWTP: Wastewater Tr. Plant.; * INDIRECT: Treated wwtrs are given to a river, from where they are drawn for use in irrigation; ** GASKI WWTP serves to irrigate 80 000 ha and ESKI wwtrs for 50 000 ha of land. # Irrigation projects are underway by SHW. Smaller plants , Konya- Kad ı nhani and Nigde-Bor, wwtrs are directly being used for irrigation (total of 5000 ha)
Occurance of Water of Water- -borne Diseases in Turkey borne Diseases in Turkey Occurance
Turkish Water Water Reuse Reuse Standards Standards in in Crop Crop Irrigation Irrigation ( (Water Water Polution Polution Control Control Turkish Regulation, , Technical Technical Aspects Aspects Bulletin Bulletin 1991) 1991) - - 1 1 Regulation
Turkish Water Water Reuse Reuse Standards Standards in in Crop Crop Irrigation Irrigation ( (Water Water Polution Polution Control Control Turkish Regulation, , Technical Technical Aspects Aspects Bulletin Bulletin 1991) 1991) - - 2 2 Regulation Irrigation Water Class Class IV Class V Quality Criteria Class I Class II Class III (usable (detriment (very good) (good) (usable) with al. caution) unusable) EC25 *10 6 0–250 250–750 750–2000 2000-3000 >3000 Variable Sodium <20 20–40 40–60 60–80 >80 Percentage, % Na Sodium Adsorption <10 10–18 18–26 >26 Ratio (SAR) Sodium Carbonate >1.25 1.25–2.5 >2.5 Residue (RSC), meq/l Ditto mg/l <66 66–133 >133 Cl - , meq/l 0–4 4–7 7–12 12–20 >20 mg/l 0–142 142–249 249–426 426–710 >710 SO 4 -2 , meq/l 0–4 4–7 7–12 12–20 >20 mg/l 0–192 192–336 336–575 575–960 >960 Total Salts, mg/l 0–175 175–525 525–1400 1400-2100 >2100
Turkish Water Water Reuse Reuse Standards Standards in in Crop Crop Irrigation Irrigation ( (Water Water Polution Polution Control Control Turkish Regulation, , Technical Technical Aspects Aspects Bulletin Bulletin 1991) 1991) - - 3 3 Regulation Irrigation Water Class Class IV Class I Class V Quality Criteria Class II Class III (usable (very detrimental (good) (usable) with good) unusable) caution) Boron, mg/l 0–0.5 0.5–1.12 1.12–2 >2 C 1 S 1 C 1 S 2 . C 2 S 2 . C 1 S 3 .C 2 S 3 . C 1 S 4 .C 2 S 4 . C 2 S 1 C 3 S 3 .C 3 S 2 . C 3 S 4 .C 4 S 4 . Irrigation Water Class C 3 S 1 C 4 S 3 .C 4 S 2 . C 4 S 1 - or NH 4 NO 3 + , mg/l 0–5 5–10 10–30 30–50 >50 Fecal Coliforms, /100ml 0–2 2–20 20–100 100–1000 >1000 BOD 5 , mg/l 0–25 25–50 50–100 100–200 >200 Suspended Solids, mg/l 20 30 45 60 >100 pH 6.6–8.5 6.5–8.5 6.5–8.5 6.5–9 <6 or >9 Temperature 30 30 35 40 >40
Microbiological Irrigation Water Microbiological Irrigation Water Qulity Guidelines Guidelines for for Treated Treated Qulity Wastewaters - - 1 1 Wastewaters � Title 22: Title 22: US Technology based standard. The US Technology based standard. The � strictest. Zero F. coli/L strictest. Zero F. coli/L � WHO Guideline: Pragmatic approach. The WHO Guideline: Pragmatic approach. The � FC<1000 /100 mL and < 2 NTU is based on FC<1000 /100 mL and < 2 NTU is based on bathing water quality criteria bathing water quality criteria � Most recent is the Australian standard, also Most recent is the Australian standard, also � adopted by Japan and S. Africa. Calls for 100- - adopted by Japan and S. Africa. Calls for 100 200 FC/ 100 mL for unrestricted crop irrigation. . 200 FC/ 100 mL for unrestricted crop irrigation
Microbiological Irrigation Irrigation Water Water Microbiological Qulity Guidelines Guidelines for for Treated Treated Qulity Wastewaters - - 2 2 Wastewaters � Blumenthal Blumenthal et. al. 2000 et. al. 2000 . . Guideline Guideline � developed for for the the Mediterranean Mediterranean states states developed considering risk risk assessment assessment for for the the region region considering and modelling modelling studies studies. . and � Supposed Supposed to to be optimum be optimum for for the the � Mediterranean states states considering considering their their Mediterranean cultural, , economic economic and and social social cultural characteristics. . characteristics
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