Ethical Challenges in Modeling and Simulation of Nudging in Care Stephanie C. Rodermund , Fabian Lorig and Ingo J. Timm Trier University Center for Informatics Research and Technology (CIRT) First International Workshop on Ethics and Morality in Business Informatics/ Ethik und Moral in der Wirtschaftsinformatik (EMoWI'19)
Agenda • Demographic Change and Care-dependency • Encouraging Behavior: Nudging • Ethics of Nudging in Care • Moral Challenges in Modeling and Simulation of Nudging in Care • Conclusion Ethical Challenges in Modeling and Simulation of Nudging in Care 2
Demographic Change and Care-dependency • Today: 2.2 Mio. people are care-dependent • 2030 between 2.61 – 3.36 Mio. people will be care-dependent in Germany • 2030, a lack of 500.000 caregivers is predicted • Independence must be preserved ➢ Exonerate caregivers ➢ Longer care at home Encourage beneficial behavior (e.g, using IoT devices) (Rothgang et al., 2012) Ethical Challenges in Modeling and Simulation of Nudging in Care 3
Encourage Beneficial Behavior: Nudging Nudging is „ any aspect of the choice architecture that alters people‘s behavior in a predictable way without forbidding any options or significantly changing economic incentives “ (Thaler & Sunstein, 2008) • Libertarian paternalism • Two information processing systems: • System 1 : reactive, unconscious, learned • System 2 : conscious, rational thinking, controlled Structuring complex Provision of defaults Remembrances decisions Priming Giving feedback Norms (Thaler & Sunstein, 2008; Kahnemann 2012) Ethical Challenges in Modeling and Simulation of Nudging in Care 4
Encourage Beneficial Behavior: Nudging Application areas: • Political: ➢ Increase sustainability and energy efficiency ➢ Increase work efficiency ➢ Healthcare • Nursing and assisted living: ➢ Increase urine consistency (Ölander & Thøgersen, 2014; Demarque et al., 2015) (Ebert & Freiblicher, 2017; Stieglitz et al., 2017) (Galizzi, 2012; Downs et al. 2009; Campbell-Avari et al., 2014) (Orpwood et al., 2008; Namazi & Johnson, 1991; Mollenkopf et al., 2005) Ethical Challenges in Modeling and Simulation of Nudging in Care 5
Encourage Beneficial Behavior: Nudging • Dehydration can lead to health issues and states of confusion Why nudge drinking? ➢ Decrease in self-efficacy ➢ Dependency on care givers • Providing feedback How nudge drinking? • Remembrances etc. ➢ IoT-Devices ➢ Motion detectors and visual stimuli (light) (Fortmann et al., 2014) How can effectiveness of nudges be guaranteed? Ethical Challenges in Modeling and Simulation of Nudging in Care 6
Modeling and Simulation of Nudging Modeling and simulation established for analyzing and evaluating behaviors ABM Observations Simulation Agent- Real Nudges Model based World Simulation Optimization Implementation Formalize Nudges Ethical challenges? ➢ Ethics of Nudging in Care ➢ Ethical Challenges of Modeling and Simulation of Nudging in Care Ethical Challenges in Modeling and Simulation of Nudging in Care 7
Ethics of Nudging in Care • Ethics of Nudging : major points of criticism ➢ endangering decision-makers ‘ autonomy through manipulation ➢ Growing habituation to manipulation ➢ Consequences not necessarily suitable for each individual • Ethics of Nudging in Care : Principles of Beauchamp and Childress Each (medical) intervention must be evaluated to what extend it 1) Respects self-determination of the patient (Autonomy) 2) Avoids harm (Nonmaleficence) 3) Takes care of the patients ‘ well -being (Beneficence) 4) Is designed for distributive justice (Justice) (Beauchamp, 2007) (Selinger & Whyte, 2011; Smith et al., 2013) Ethical Challenges in Modeling and Simulation of Nudging in Care 8
Moral Challenges in Modeling and Simulation of Nudging in Care: Basic Ethics Two basic ethics: 1) Utilitarianism ➢ Ethical acceptability: overall good of action’s consequences ➢ Simulation: intended benefit for all involved 2) Deontological ethics ➢ Ethical acceptability: action’s accordance with moral rules or principles ➢ Simulation: receipt of patient’s autonomy and protection of privacy and data • Both ethics criticised (Kagan 1984; Hurtshouse 2013; Gillon 1985; • When apply which ethic? Carew et al., 2008; Misselhorn, 2018; Vargas et al., 2011; Alexander & Moore, 2017) Ethical Challenges in Modeling and Simulation of Nudging in Care 9
Moral Challenges in Modeling and Simulation of Nudging in Care: Existing Codes and Guidelines ACM Code of Ethics & ethical guidelines of the GI : „ inspire and guide the ethical conduct of all computing professionals“ (ACM 2018 Task Force, 2018; Gesellschaft für Informatik, 2018) (ACM 2018 Task Force, 2018) ➢ Adress ethical questions, developers have to face ➢ Demand positive contribution for society and environment Independency Loss of autonomy Quality of Life Benefit Cost Ethical Challenges in Modeling and Simulation of Nudging in Care 10
Moral Challenges in Modeling and Simulation of Nudging in Care Data acquisition and ACM Code of Ethics/ ethical guidelines of the GI analyis ➢ Respect right for autonomy (ACM 2018 Task Force, 2018; Gesellschaft für Informatik, 2018) ➢ Respect right for privacy Application to reality ➢ Protect human dignity ➢ Control groups 1) Sensibility of personal data ➢ Abstraction of data ➢ Careful consideration of required variables and 2) Unpleasant consequences causal relationships for model generation, validation and publication Ethical Challenges in Modeling and Simulation of Nudging in Care 11
Moral Challenges in Modeling and Simulation of Nudging in Care Data acquisition and ACM Code of Ethics/ ethical guidelines of the GI analyis ➢ Developer is responsible for negative (ACM 2018 Task Force, 2018; Gesellschaft für Informatik, 2018) consequences resulting from using the Application to reality model ➢ Objective Indicators for 1) Issues arising from unreliable outcomes evaluation and comparison ➢ Detailed documentation of model purpose, 2) Misuse of model application and possible consequences Ethical Challenges in Modeling and Simulation of Nudging in Care 12
Conclusion and Further Steps • Ethical implications during modeling and simulation of nudging in care • Guidelines exist, but only few limitations that developers have to face • Ethical challenges depend strongly on respective application area • Up to developers to assume social responsibility and respect ethical guidelines • Further discussion needed Ethical Challenges in Modeling and Simulation of Nudging in Care 13
Thank you for your attention Stephanie Rodermund Phone: +49 651 201 - 4153 E-mail: rodermund@uni-trier.de Business Informatics I Center for Informatics Research and Technology (CIRT) Trier University D-54286 Trier Germany Ethical Challenges in Modeling and Simulation of Nudging in Care 14
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