Ergative gender agreement in Dargwa “Backward Control” or feature sharing? Oleg Belyaev Lomonosov Moscow State University HeadLex16, July 26, 2016 . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . Dargwa: General information . Dargwa: General information A group of East Caucasian languages SOV, ergative alignment Complex verb and noun morphology Person and gender agreement Oleg Belyaev Ergative gender agreement in Dargwa HeadLex16, 26.07.2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 / 28
. j prefix on most verb stems Gender agreement regularly occurs in the following contexts: Gender markers are uniform across difgerent agreement targets d b n f sufgix on essive nouns and adverbs b w m pl sg Gender Agreement in Dargwa sufgix on atuributive forms At clause level, the controller is the P/S (absolutive) argument: Agreement in Dargwa patʼimat HeadLex16, 26.07.2016 Ergative gender agreement in Dargwa Oleg Belyaev ‘Murad caught Patimat in the forest.’ f-caught j- us.aj P. in.forest-f patʼimat wacʼa.cːi -j M.-erg murad-li ‘ Patimat went out.’ f-went.out j- id.až.i P. Gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 / 28
. b Gender markers are uniform across difgerent agreement targets d b n j f w At clause level, the controller is the P/S (absolutive) argument: m pl sg Gender Agreement in Dargwa Gender Agreement in Dargwa Gender agreement regularly occurs in the following contexts: patʼimat . P. HeadLex16, 26.07.2016 Ergative gender agreement in Dargwa Oleg Belyaev ‘Murad caught Patimat in the forest.’ f-caught j- us.aj patʼimat P. in.forest-f wacʼa.cːi -j M.-erg murad-li ‘ Patimat went out.’ f-went.out j- id.až.i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 / 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . § prefix on most verb stems § sufgix on atuributive forms § sufgix on essive nouns and adverbs
. w d b n j f b m Gender agreement regularly occurs in the following contexts: pl sg Gender Agreement in Dargwa Gender Agreement in Dargwa Gender markers are uniform across difgerent agreement targets At clause level, the controller is the P/S (absolutive) argument: . P. HeadLex16, 26.07.2016 Ergative gender agreement in Dargwa Oleg Belyaev ‘Murad caught Patimat in the forest.’ f-caught j- us.aj patʼimat P. in.forest-f wacʼa.cːi -j M.-erg murad-li ‘ Patimat went out.’ f-went.out j- id.až.i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 / 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . § prefix on most verb stems § sufgix on atuributive forms § sufgix on essive nouns and adverbs § patʼimat
. m b n j f b w pl Gender markers are uniform across difgerent agreement targets sg Gender Agreement in Dargwa Gender Agreement in Dargwa . d Gender agreement regularly occurs in the following contexts: . P. HeadLex16, 26.07.2016 Ergative gender agreement in Dargwa Oleg Belyaev ‘Murad caught Patimat in the forest.’ f-caught j- us.aj patʼimat At clause level, the controller is the P/S (absolutive) argument: in.forest-f wacʼa.cːi -j M.-erg ‘ Patimat went out.’ f-went.out j- id.až.i P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 / 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . § prefix on most verb stems § sufgix on atuributive forms § sufgix on essive nouns and adverbs § patʼimat § murad-li
. 3 . . . . Agreement in Dargwa Person Person The clitic set: sg pl 1 =da 2 =di ( =sa-b ) . The preterite set: sg pl 1 -d -d-a 2 -tːi -tː-a 3 -aj , -in , -i Oleg Belyaev Ergative gender agreement in Dargwa HeadLex16, 26.07.2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 / 28
. murad . . Agreement in Dargwa Person Rules of agreement resolution (see general description in Sumbatova 2011) In intransitive clauses, person agreement is with P In transitive clauses, agreement in Ashti (A vs. P) is determined by the following hierarchy: 1,2 (SAP) 3 If both arguments are SAPs, the absolutive argument “wins” di-l me-erg M. . ‘You caught me .’ (A = 2, P = 1 → 1) HeadLex16, 26.07.2016 Ergative gender agreement in Dargwa Oleg Belyaev ‘Murad caught Rasul .’ (A = 3, P = 3 → 3) rasul us-aj murad-li u-dil du usa -d us-a -d ‘I caught you .’ (A = 1, P = 2 → 2) dil u usa -tːi ‘Murad caught me .’ (A = 3, P = 1 → 1) muradli du usa -d ‘ I caught Murad.’ (A = 1, P = 3 → 1) [m]catch.pfv-pret-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 / 28
. M. . . . Agreement in Dargwa Person Rules of agreement resolution (see general description in Sumbatova 2011) In intransitive clauses, person agreement is with P In transitive clauses, agreement in Ashti (A vs. P) is determined by the following hierarchy: If both arguments are SAPs, the absolutive argument “wins” di-l me-erg murad us-a -d . [m]catch.pfv-pret-1 ‘ I caught Murad.’ (A = 1, P = 3 → 1) muradli du usa -d ‘Murad caught me .’ (A = 3, P = 1 → 1) dil u usa -tːi ‘I caught you .’ (A = 1, P = 2 → 2) u-dil du usa -d ‘You caught me .’ (A = 2, P = 1 → 1) murad-li rasul us-aj ‘Murad caught Rasul .’ (A = 3, P = 3 → 3) Oleg Belyaev Ergative gender agreement in Dargwa HeadLex16, 26.07.2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 / 28 § 1,2 (SAP) ą 3
. di-l . . . . . Agreement in Dargwa Person Rules of agreement resolution (see general description in Sumbatova 2011) In intransitive clauses, person agreement is with P In transitive clauses, agreement in Ashti (A vs. P) is determined by the following hierarchy: If both arguments are SAPs, the absolutive argument “wins” me-erg . murad M. us-a -d [m]catch.pfv-pret-1 ‘ I caught Murad.’ (A = 1, P = 3 → 1) ‘Murad caught me .’ (A = 3, P = 1 → 1) ‘I caught you .’ (A = 1, P = 2 → 2) ‘You caught me .’ (A = 2, P = 1 → 1) murad-li rasul us-aj ‘Murad caught Rasul .’ (A = 3, P = 3 → 3) Oleg Belyaev Ergative gender agreement in Dargwa HeadLex16, 26.07.2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 / 28 § 1,2 (SAP) ą 3 § § muradli du usa -d § dil u usa -tːi § u-dil du usa -d §
. murad-li . . . . . . The Backward Control hypothesis The Backward Control hypothesis Ergative agreement of the auxiliary However, this clear picture faces problems if we look at how the copula (which has a gender agreement slot) behaves Sumbatova (2014) has shown that in Tanti Dargwa, the copula can agree alternatively with the absolutive or the ergative: M.-erg . tʼantʼi-b in.T.-n qali house b-irqʼ.u.le=sa -j n-building=cop-m murad-li tʼantʼi-b qali b-irqʼ.u-le=sa -b ‘ Murad is building a house in Tanti.’ The controller is determined by topicality Cf. also Sumbatova and Lander (2015, Chapter 5) Oleg Belyaev Ergative gender agreement in Dargwa HeadLex16, 26.07.2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 / 28
. agree alternatively with the absolutive or the ergative: . . . . . . The Backward Control hypothesis The Backward Control hypothesis Ergative agreement of the auxiliary However, this clear picture faces problems if we look at how the copula (which has a gender agreement slot) behaves Sumbatova (2014) has shown that in Tanti Dargwa, the copula can murad-li . M.-erg tʼantʼi-b in.T.-n qali house b-irqʼ.u.le=sa -j n-building=cop-m ‘ Murad is building a house in Tanti.’ The controller is determined by topicality Cf. also Sumbatova and Lander (2015, Chapter 5) Oleg Belyaev Ergative gender agreement in Dargwa HeadLex16, 26.07.2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 / 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . § § murad-li tʼantʼi-b qali b-irqʼ.u-le=sa -b
. agree alternatively with the absolutive or the ergative: . . . . . . The Backward Control hypothesis The Backward Control hypothesis Ergative agreement of the auxiliary However, this clear picture faces problems if we look at how the copula (which has a gender agreement slot) behaves Sumbatova (2014) has shown that in Tanti Dargwa, the copula can murad-li . M.-erg tʼantʼi-b in.T.-n qali house b-irqʼ.u.le=sa -j n-building=cop-m ‘ Murad is building a house in Tanti.’ The controller is determined by topicality Cf. also Sumbatova and Lander (2015, Chapter 5) Oleg Belyaev Ergative gender agreement in Dargwa HeadLex16, 26.07.2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 / 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . § § murad-li tʼantʼi-b qali b-irqʼ.u-le=sa -b
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