Environmental Workshop Santa Monica Airport Commission February 22, 2010
Emission Sources Stationary - places Power plants Refineries Factories Dry Cleaners, etc Mobile – things, generally moving Cars, motorcycles, buses and trucks Trains, ships Airplanes Off road/construction vehicles
Airport Emission Sources Source Who Regulates Aircraft EPA sets emission standards in tandem with ICAO process; FAA certifies engines and is responsible for enforcement Ground support equipment (GSE), State and local agencies Auxiliary Power Units (APU) and facilities Vehicles accessing Airport/facilities State and local agencies Ground Water, Soils, etc Federal, State and local agencies
AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS Aircraft Emissions
Local and Global Emissions Incomplete Combustion
Aircraft emissions will vary by type and size of aircraft and their engines and by aircraft operations
From FAA
From FAA : Aviation & Emissions – A Primer ICAO The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is a United Nations intergovernmental body responsible for worldwide planning, implementation, and coordination of civil aviation. ICAO sets emission standards for jet engines. These are the basis of FAA’s aircraft engine performance certification standards, established through EPA regulations.
ICAO, the European Union and the rest of the world ICAO‟s Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection (CAEP) sets standards for the world The European Union (EU) often a critical voice for increased stringency All struggle with tradeoffs between noise, air quality, climate and economics (including US v EU and other first and third world issues) EU has proposed inclusion of aviation in it cap and trade system for greenhouse gases beginning in 2011. EU also discussing extra fees for aircraft based on pollution factors.
Federal Aviation Administration • Established rules and regulations for all air operations in the United States • In association with the EPA sets all aircraft performance and emissions standards and is responsible for all enforcement and inspection; certifies aircraft and licenses pilots • Responsible for the national air transportation systems and air traffic control, preempts local efforts and affects aircraft local ground and idle time • Responsible for NEPA and general conformity reviews for aviation • Official US representative to ICAO
US Environmental Protection Agency Responsible for administration of clean air, clean water and other federal environmental acts Develops National Ambient Air Quality Standards Oversees and approves State Implementation Plans (SIPs) Sanctions for states that fail to comply
US Environmental Protection Agency Develops mobile source emissions standards Follow International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for aircraft but does have independent authority (US) Must work with the FAA in setting standards Local standards on emissions from aircraft preempted by Clean Air Act Address petitions from states and environmental groups Ground Mobile sources standards On and off road
Don Kopinski, US EPA, Office of Transportation and Air Quality
Don Kopinski, US EPA, Office of Transportation and Air Quality
EMISSION STANDARDS FOR GENERAL AVIATION – REGULATORY ISSUES Not in Regulatory Process • Airport Authorities • State and Regional Air Resource Agencies • Local Government and Communities Limits • Safety (flight) is primary concern • FAA can reject or modify U.S. EPA’s standards • Trade off for performance vs. emissions • Exemptions for small aircraft
Criteria Pollutants National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Historic and Current: Carbon Monoxide (CO) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5) Lead (Pb) Ozone (O3) Under current consideration: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) - GHG
Particulate Matter Particles in the air like dust, dirt and soot Can be directly emitted by any engine combustion PM10 is defined as course particles PM2.5 is defined as fine particles PM10 and PM2.5 have defined national standards Ultrafines (UFP or PM0.1) are a new area of study for which no standards have been established
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) under consideration to be regulated as a new NAAQA CO2 is formed by complete combustion of fossil fuels Does not directly adversely impact human health Considered dangerous because it is a “greenhouse gas”
Supreme Court: Massachusetts v. EPA Challenge to EPA‟s denial of rulemaking petition for cars and trucks (responsibility under section 201 of the Clean Air Act for vehicles) Establishes unique standing for states to petition and sue Determined that GHGs constitute air pollutants under the Clean Air Act EPA failed to justify denial of petition to regulate
Supreme Court: Massachusetts v. EPA “The Clean Air Act‟s sweeping definition of „air pollutant‟…embraces all airborne compounds of whatever stripe…Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and hydro fluorocarbons are without doubt „physical and chemical…substance(s) which are emitted into…the ambient air”
State Environmental Clean Air Act Petitions Regarding Aviation Filed December 2007 under Clean Air Act section 231 (EPA jurisdiction) Section 231 very similar to Section which was the basis for Mass v EPA Based and structured on Mass v EPA on similar but for aviation GHGs
California Air Resources Board The California Air Resources Board (CARB) gathers air quality data for the State of California, ensures the quality of this data, designs and implements air models, and sets ambient air quality standards for the state. ARB compiles the state's emissions inventory and performs air quality and emissions inventory special studies.
What is an Air Quality Plan ? Areas That Don‟t Meet National AQ Standards are in Violation of Federal Environmental Laws Entire Region Must Have Expeditious Emission Reduction Plan to Comply with Federal Health-based Standards State & Local AQ Agencies Compile Emissions Inventories & Growth Estimates for All Industries
General Accounting Office Report Air quality officials from the 13 states that have airports in non-attainment areas told us that emission standards for aircraft should be made more stringent. Several of those officials said that available control measures for other air pollution sources have been nearly exhausted. They noted that aircraft have not been as strictly regulated as other sources, such as automobiles, and that reductions from aircraft may be needed in the future for some areas to maintain attainment of the Clean Air Act‟s standards *
Regional/county air districts South Coast Air Quality Management District regulate stationary sources planning and review activities plan and rule development monitoring grant programs local resources
South Coast Air Quality Management District Plan: Aviation Chapter The plan seeks EPA action in three areas: More stringent aircraft emissions standards, particularly for VOC, PM and NOx and the concerted development of lower- emission aircraft engines Installation of jet engine NOx retrofit kits Reformulation of jet fuel – “U.S. EPA, with concurrence of FAA, has the authority to require reformulation of jet fuel to lower sulfur content.
Airports Air Quality Programs Traffic management Ground Support Equipment Alternative Fuels and Green Power Recycling Water Runoff
SMO Programs Soil Remediation and Ground Water Controls Blast Wall
SMO Programs Alternative fuel vehicles and facilities Replacement of runaway airfield lighting with more environmentally friendly low power requirement LEDS - one of the first airports in the nation to do so. Recycling, Conservation and Landscaping Minimize vehicular traffic
Recommend
More recommend
