Environmental profile of PV mass production: globalization Mariska - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Environmental profile of PV mass production: globalization Mariska de Wild-Scholten 26 th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Hamburg 8 September 2011

Outline  Life Cycle Assessment  Energy payback time & Globalization  Carbon footprint of the PV industry  Data request Mariska de Wild-Scholten 8 September 2011 2

Life Cycle Assessment Determination of environmental impact of a Life Cycle Assessment product from cradle to framework grave/cradle Goal and scope definition ISO14040 series Inventory Interpretation analysis Impact assessment Mariska de Wild-Scholten 8 September 2011 3

Life Cycle transport manufacturing installation use mining & transport refining transport recycling Mariska de Wild-Scholten 8 September 2011 4

Market share of cell technologies 100% other 80% CIS CdTe 60% a-Si/ μ c-Si ribbon c-Si 40% multi c-Si 20% mono c-Si 0% Photon International March 2011 Mariska de Wild-Scholten 8 September 2011 5

Global PV production 25000 Rest of World United States 20000 Taiwan Annual PV Production [MW] PR China Europe 15000 Japan 10000 5000 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Arnulf Jäger-Waldau (2011) Mariska de Wild-Scholten 8 September 2011 6

Global PV production Raspe in Sun & Wind Energy 10/2010 Mariska de Wild-Scholten 8 September 2011 7

Global PV production China China Japan Japan modules silicon cells Germany Germany wafers Taiwan Taiwan Malaysia Malaysia USA USA Norway Norway Korea Korea Spain Spain India India Mexico Mexico data: Bernreuter 2010 data: Mehta 2010 29 August 2011 29 August 2011 OTHER mariska@smartgreenscans.nl OTHER mariska@smartgreenscans.nl 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 metric tons MWp Poly-silicon production partly with local electricity (hydropower or CHP) instead of country mix Mariska de Wild-Scholten 8 September 2011 8

Energy payback time Mariska de Wild-Scholten 8 September 2011 9

Energy payback time 2.5 on-roof installation in Southern Europe 1700 kWh/m 2 .yr irradiation on optimally-inclined modules Energy payback time (years) 2.0 take back & recycling inverter 1.5 mounting + cabling framing 1.0 laminate cell 0.5 estimate ingot/crystal + wafer Si feedstock 0.0 mono multi CdTe µm-Si CIGS poly-Si: hydropower 2010 wafer/cell/module: UCTE electricity 2008 2009 2010 2012e 2010 %: total area module efficiencies ecoinvent 2.2 database 14.4% 14.1% 11.3% 10.0% 11.0% 26 August 2011 mariska@smartgreenscans.nl 210-960 MWp 120 MWp 20 MWp Mariska de Wild-Scholten 8 September 2011 10

Energy payback time 3.0 sensitivity PV module installed at 1700 kWh/m 2 .year to type of irradiation on optimally inclined plane 2.5 electricity Energy Payback Time 2.0 for electricity consumption years 1.5 in poly-Si, wafer, 1.0 cell and module production 0.5 0.0 hydro/UCTE hydro/country hydro/UCTE hydro/country UCTE country country/country country/country poly-Si / wafer-cell-module ecoinvent 2.2 database IEA Statistics Electricity 2008 29 August 2011 mariska@smartgreenscans.nl mono multi CdTe Mariska de Wild-Scholten 8 September 2011 11

Energy payback time @ 1700 kWh/m 2 .year  REC  LCA by ECN  Value chain A: poly-Si: FBR, hydro  wafers/cells: Norway  modules: Singapore   Value chain B: poly-Si: Siemens/FBR, hydro  wafers, cells, modules: Singapore  http://www.recgroup.com/en/sustainability/ Mariska de Wild-Scholten 8 September 2011 12

Energy payback time 2.0 2-axis tracking CPV system in Catania (Sicily, Italy) 1794 kWh/m 2 .yr direct normal irradiation (DNI) in-plane Energy payback time 1.5 end-of-life O&M years installation 1.0 inverter tracking 0.5 module cell 0.0 Soitec (was Concentrix) Amonix %: total area module efficiencies CX-M400/S420 7700 Amonix: Fthenakis, Kim ecoinvent 2.2 database 25.5% mariska@smartgreenscans.nl 27 August 2011 2011 2011 Global irradiation in Catania is 1925 kWh/m 2 .year Mariska de Wild-Scholten 8 September 2011 13

DNI vs global irradiation Compare CPV with flat plate PV only for one DNI-GI combination (location)! 3000 Dagget (California) 30-Year Average of Monthly Solar Radiation, 1961-1990 (U.S.A.) http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/old_data/nsrdb/1961-1990/redbook/sum2 / 2500 DNI 2-axis tracker 2000 kWh/m 2 .year 1794 ----------- Catania (Sicily, Italy) 1500 | 1000 | | 500 | mariska@ 1925 Cold Bay (Alaska) smartgreenscans.nl 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 GIobal Irradiation south-facing/optimized angle/no tracking kWh/m 2 .year Mariska de Wild-Scholten 8 September 2011 14

Carbon footprint = life-cycle CO 2 -equivalent emissions now with module degradation included: 20% / 30 years Mariska de Wild-Scholten 8 September 2011 15

Carbon footprint 50 on-roof installation in Southern Europe 1700 kWh/m 2 .year irradiation on optimally-inclined modules 40 Carbon footprint g CO 2 -eq/kWh takeback & recycling inverter 30 mounting + cabling frame 20 laminate cell 10 estimate wafer silicon feedstock 0 mono multi CdTe µm-Si CIGS 2010 poly-Si: hydropower 2008 2009 2010 2012e 2010 wafer/cell/module: UCTE electricity degradation: 20%/30 years ecoinvent 2.2 database 14.4% 14.1% 11.3% 10.0% 11.0% 26 August 2011 mariska@smartgreenscans.nl 30 years 30 years 30 years 30 years 30 years 210-960 MWp 120 MWp 20 MWp Mariska de Wild-Scholten 8 September 2011 16

Carbon Footprint @ 1700 kWh/m 2 .year  REC  LCA by ECN  Value chain A: poly-Si: FBR, hydro  wafers/cells: Norway  modules: Singapore   Value chain B: poly-Si: Siemens/FBR, hydro  wafers, cells, modules: Singapore  http://www.recgroup.com/en/sustainability/ Mariska de Wild-Scholten 8 September 2011 17

Carbon footprint electricity 300 262 PC = Pulverized Coal 245 IGCC = Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle 250 CCS = CO2 Capture and Storage Carbon footprint Data Sources: g CO 2 -eq/kWh 200 - Viebahn 2008 (hard coal) 176 - ecoinvent 2.2 (wind, nuclear) - this study (PV) 150 26 August 2011, mariska@smartgreenscans.nl 100 35 50 11 8 0 hard coal hard coal hard coal wind nuclear PV PC + CCS IGCC + CCS PC oxyfuel + incl. storage multi cSi CCS DE DE DE EU EU S-Europe 2020 2020 2020 2005 2005 2010 Mariska de Wild-Scholten 8 September 2011 18

Carbon footprint electricity UCTE 2005 UCTE 2005 531 China 2008 China 2008 1166 hard coal Japan 2008 lignite Japan 2008 589 peat Germany 2005 Germany 2005 680 oil Taiwan 2008 natural gas Taiwan 2008 889 industrial gas Malaysia 2008 Malaysia 2008 1012 hydropower USA 2008 nuclear power USA 2008 778 photovoltaic Korea 2008 Korea 2008 639 wind power Spain 2005 cogeneration Spain 2005 526 other India 2008 India 2008 868 waste Mexico 2008 Mexico 2008 634 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 500 1000 1500 gram CO2-eq/kWh --- IPCC2007 GWP100a top production high uncertainty locations Mariska de Wild-Scholten 8 September 2011 19

Carbon footprint 80 sensitivity PV module installed at 1700 kWh/m 2 .year 70 to type of irradiation on optimally inclined plane 60 electricity Carbon Footprint g CO 2 -eq/kWh for electricity 50 consumption 40 in poly-Si, wafer, 30 cell and module 20 production 10 0 hydro/UCTE hydro/country country/country hydro/UCTE hydro/country country/country UCTE country poly-Si / wafer-cell-module module degradation: 20%/30 years ecoinvent 2.2 database IEA Statistics Electricity 2008 29 August 2011 mariska@smartgreenscans.nl mono multi CdTe Mariska de Wild-Scholten 8 September 2011 20

Installation location kWh/m 2 .year 1700 CZ DE IT http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/cmaps/eu_opt/PVGIS-EuropeSolarPotential.pdf Mariska de Wild-Scholten 8 September 2011 21

“The” carbon footprint of multi c-Si PV system g CO 2 -eq/kWh 98 73 59 49 42 37 33 29 27 Mariska de Wild-Scholten 8 September 2011 22

Data & assumptions mono multi μm-Si CdTe CIS DATA SOURCES poly-silicon 1 1 ingot/wafer 1 3 cell Schottler2009 2 + Schottler2009 module same as multi 2 Oerlikon Solar THINFAB First Solar DE, US, MY DE mounting 1 1 1 1 1 inverter ecoinvent 2.2 ecoinvent 2.2 ecoinvent 2.2 ecoinvent 2.2 ecoinvent 2.2 KEY PARAMETERS wafer thickness 180 μ m 180 μ m cell size 156 mm x 156 mm 156 mm x 156 mm module size 6 x 10 cells 6 x 10 cells glass single single double double double EVA or PVB EVA EVA EVA EVA PVB frame yes yes no no yes mounting on -roof Schletter Schletter fiX Schletter (cSi) Schletter (cSi) inverter 2.5 kW 2.5 kW 2.5 kW 2.5 kW 2.5 kW module recycling via glass recycler via glass recycler excl. filtercake recycling same as CdTe average total module effic 14.4% 14.1% 10.0% 11.3% 11.0% degradation (%/year) 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 performance ratio 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 Mariska de Wild-Scholten 8 September 2011 23