Environmental Performance Reviews Environmental Performance Review of South Africa Simon Upton Director, Environment 3 December 2013
Environmental Performance GDP per capita Reviews USD/capita (2005 prices and PPP) 16,000 14,000 12,000 Chile Turkey 10,000 Mexico 8,000 Brazil China 6,000 South Africa 4,000 2,000 0
Environmental Performance Unemployment Reviews % labour force 30 25 Chile Turkey 20 Brazil Mexico 15 South Africa 10 5 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Environmental Performance Energy mix Reviews Energy supply by source 1995-2010 Mtoe 175 150 125 Nuclear Natural gas Renewables Oil 100 75 50 Coal and coal products 25 0 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
Environmental Performance CO 2 emissions and economic growth Reviews Demand-based CO 2 emissions vs. income, OECD countries Change in demand-based CO 2 emissions (%, 1995-2009) 4 BRIICS ZONE 1: ZONE 2: No decoupling Relative, but no absolute decoupling 3 TUR SOUTH AFRICA CHL 2 KOR AUS BRA 1 RUS 0 ESP POL world CAN FRA JPN -1 ITA USA OECD DEU GBR ZONE 3: Absolute decoupling -2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Change in income 1995-2009)
Environmental Performance But emissions decreased only after 2008 Reviews GHG emissions by sector Mt CO 2 eq 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1990 2000 2005 2008 2010 Energy Industrial processes Agriculture Waste Other
Environmental Performance GHG emissions per capita are higher than Brazil, Reviews China and many OECD countries GHG emissions per capita, 2010 t/inhab. 30 25 20 15 OECD 10 5 0 TUR ESP CHN BRA ITA FRA ZAF GBR JPN POL DEU RUS CAN USA AUS
Environmental Performance But the emission intensity is high Reviews GHG emissions per unit of GDP, 2010 kg/USD (2005 prices and PPP) 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 OECD 0.4 0.2 0.0 FRA ESP GBR ITA JPN DEU TUR USA CAN POL AUS BRA ZAF CHN RUS
Environmental Performance Air quality Reviews 80 Concentrations of PM 10 Micrograms per m 3 , 2009 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Environmental Performance Environmentally related tax revenue Reviews ZAR billion By tax base As % of GDP and tax revenue (2005 prices) % 45 10 40 35 8 30 6 25 20 4 15 10 2 5 0 0 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 % of GDP % of total tax revenue Energy products Transport Other
Environmental Performance Environmentally related taxes Reviews , 2000 and 2011 as % of GDP % 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 2011 2000 * 2010 data
Environmental Performance Petrol prices Reviews selected G-20 and sub-Saharan countries, 2012 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
Environmental Performance Fuel taxation Reviews Tax rates on road fuels on a CO 2 emission basis, 2012 EUR/tonne CO 2 400 Petrol Diesel 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0
Environmental Performance Estimated fossil fuel consumption subsidies Reviews USD billion USD billion 6.0 0.25 5.0 0.20 4.0 0.15 3.0 0.10 2.0 0.05 1.0 0.0 0.00 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Electricity Oil (right scale)
Environmental Performance Electricity prices in selected countries Reviews USD cents/kWh 25 20 15 10 5 0 2012 2011
Environmental Performance Municipal waste generation Reviews Per capita, 2011 kg/cap. 1000 750 OECD 500 250 0 USA AUS DEU ITA GBR FRA ESP TUR CAN KOR CHL JPN POL ZAF
Environmental Performance Material productivity Reviews Material productivity, 2008 % change 1995-2008 USD/kg % 3.5 80 3.0 70 2.5 60 2.0 50 40 1.5 30 1.0 20 0.5 10 0.0 0 -10 -20 -30
Environmental Performance Renewable water resources Reviews 1 000 m 3 /inhab. 140 Per capita, 2011 120 10 8 100 6 4 2 80 0 60 40 20 0
Environmental Performance Freshwater abstraction as % of renewable resources, 2010 Reviews % 35 30 25 20 15 OECD 10 5 0 CAN AUS CHL GBR DEU FRA MEX POL JPN TUR ZAF ESP ITA BEL
Environmental Performance Water use Reviews South Africa OECD Other uses 8% Public water Other Irrigation supply uses 42% 23% 35% Irrigation Industry 62% Public 7% water supply Industry 15% 8%
Environmental Performance Quality of freshwater Reviews Mountain stream Upper foothill Lower foothill Lowland river 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% % of river ecosystem types CR EN VU LT CR: critically endangered, EN: endangered, VU: vulnerable, LT: least threatened
Environmental Performance Water supply and sanitation Reviews Percentage of households with access to piped water % 80 60 40 20 0 2001 2007 2011 Piped water inside dwelling/yard Piped water outside yard No access
Environmental Performance Water supply and sanitation Reviews 80 Percentage of households with access to sanitation % 60 40 20 0 2001 2007 2011 Flush toilet connected to sewerage Pit toilet without ventilation Pit toilet with ventilation Bucket toilet system Flush toilet with septic tank Chemical toilet None
Environmental Performance Access to environmental services Reviews % 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Waste collection Sewerage and sanitation Water supply
Environmental Performance Biodiversity and economics of ecosystem services Reviews Ecosystems and habitats Threat Status Level
Environmental Performance Protected areas, 2011 Reviews % of total area 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 DEU GBR BRA NZL POL COL CHL FRA JPN ITA USA MEX AUS ESP CAN ZAF KOR IND TUR
Environmental Performance Ecosystem services Reviews Ecosy cosyst stem em ser service ce ZAR m mill llion p per ye year USD m mil illion per ye year Grazing 18 094 2 349 Natural resources 4 895 635 Bioprospecting 178 23 Carbon sequestration 8 649 1 123 Pollination 5 684 738 Erosion control 8 319 1 080 Flow regulation 440 57 Water treatment 202 26 Blackfly control 77 10 Crop pest control 4 380 568 Nursery value 976 127 Tourism 21 000 2 727 Scientific 15 2 Total value of selected 73 000 9 465 ecosystem services (or 3-5% of GDP)
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