[701-0662-00 L] Environmental Impacts, Threshold Levels and Health Effects Lecture 10: Noise Part 4 (06.05.2020) Mark Brink ETH Zürich D-USYS Homepage: http://www.noise.ethz.ch/ei/ D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 4 Slide 1
Topics covered in the previous lecture • Health effects of noise (overview) • Types of health effects (auditory vs. non-auditory) • DALYs (Disability Adjusted Life Years) lost due to noise • Exposure assessment in environmental epidemiology • Exposure-response relationships • Noise annoyance • Moderator variables • Setting of noise exposure limits based on annoyance D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 4 Slide 2
Lecture overview for today ► Noise annoyance (cont'd) ► SiRENE study ► Example: aircraft noise annoyance ► Noise contours ► Differences in annoyance as a function of time of day ► Physiological activations due to noise ► Stress model of noise, Pathogenetic pathways ► Noise induced sleep disturbances ► What is sleep? D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 4 Slide 3
%HA as a function of Lden (SiRENE study, 2014-2015) Source: Brink et al. (2019), Environment International, 125, 277-290 D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 4 Slide 4
Aircraft noise annoyance ▪ Environmental impacts may be the fundamental constraint on air transportation growth in the 21 st century (aside from fuel shortage in the future) ▪ Among the environmental impacts, noise, air pollution, and air transport induced climate change are the top issues to address ▪ The current situation is that aircraft noise is the single most significant local objection to airport expansion and operation London Frankfurt Zurich D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 4 Slide 5
How relevant is the noise problem for Airports? Noise Water Quality Air Quality Compatibility with nearby land uses None applicable Wetlands Most serious problem currently Number of airports United States General Accounting Office. (2000). Aviation and the environment. Airport Operations and Future Most serious problem in the future Growth Present Environmental Challenges, from http://transource.org/shared_files/GAO9-8-00.pdf D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 4 Slide 6
Aircraft noise annoyance over the years 50 1991 45 2001 40 35 30 %HA 25 20 15 10 5 0 50 53 56 59 62 65 68 L eq, 6-22 Uhr in dB(A) D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 4 Slide 7
Development of aircraft operations in Europe in the last decades ▪ Growing number of flights ▪ Decreasing sound pressure level per single flight ▪ Fewer breaks across the day, more flights within shoulder hours ▪ Noise contours around airports are actually shrinking! D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 4 Slide 8
What is a noise contour? Leq=57 dB(A) during day (06-22h) Zurich Airport Leq=60 dB(A) during day (06-22h) Leq=65 dB(A) during day (06-22h) N 1 zus. Aufwachreaktion pro Tag 1 zus. Aufwachreaktion pro 2 Tage Source: http://www.fluglaerm-frankfurt.de/349.0.html D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 4 Slide 9
Development of the 60 dB-contour (Leq 06-22h)... ... caused by aircraft operations since 1987 at Zurich Airport 1987: 179'163 1988: 193'909 1989: 204'309 1990: 214'470 1991: 216'313 1992: 227'615 1993: 228'994 1994: 236'977 1995: 238'232 1996: 251'209 1997: 271'147 1998: 281'808 1999: 296'379 2000: 314'714 2001: 299'344 2002: 275'999 2003: 262'586 2004: 259'091 2005: 258'790 2006: 252'892 2007: 259'473 2008: 265'735 2009: 253'477 150‘000 # of Flights 350‘000 Source: Flughafen Zürich AG, 2010 D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 4 Slide 10
Aircraft noise annoyance increased over the past decades! Exposure level to get 25% highly annoyed (HA) 75 70 Level L dn [dB(A)] 65 Zürich (2001/2003) 60 55 Frankfurt (2005) 50 45 40 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year of study D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 4 Slide 11
Blessings and burdens of quieter aircraft... 1 Event 1970 technology L AE, single plane = 108 dB → L Aeq,16h = 60 dB 10 Events 1990 technology L AE, single plane = 98 dB → L Aeq,16h = 60 dB 100 Events todays technology L AE, single plane = 88 dB → L Aeq,16h = 60 dB D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 4 Slide 12
Potential effects of technological advancement (basically: quieter aircraft) ▪ As quieter aircraft have been phased in, the boundaries of airport noise contours have shrunk ▪ People may move into these areas that were previously impacted by noise ▪ In the future, as the number of aircraft operations increases, the areas impacted by noise may expand again, thus again increasing the number of people affected D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 4 Slide 13
Change effect: "Overshoot" reactions after exposure changes Residents south of Zurich Airport, 2003, 2004 D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 4 Slide 14
Zurich Airport: Change of exposure between 2001 and 2003 D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 4 Slide 15
The "Change effect" Swiss Noise Study 2000, Survey 2001 Communities to the East 70 60% Osten (fern) % stark Belästigte 65 50% 1h-Leq in dB(A) 60 40% 55 30% 50 20% 45 10% 40 0% 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06 06-07 07-08 08-09 09-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23 23-24 D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 4 Slide 16
The "Change effect" Swiss Noise Study 2000, Survey 2003 Communities to the North Gemeinden im Osten 70 60% 70 Osten (fern) Norden 65 50% 65 % stark Belästigte 1h-Leq in dB(A) 60 60 40% 55 30% 55 50 20% 50 45 10% 45 40 0% 40 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06 06-07 07-08 08-09 09-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23 23-24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 4 Slide 17
The "Change effect", principle up to 10 years Annoyance Exposure (increase) Exposure (decrease) Annoyance Time D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 4 Slide 18
Percent HA (%HA) as a function of change Residents near Zurich Airport, Surveys 2001 and 2003 60% Year 2003, morning model 5 dB increase 50% Average Percent 40% No change 30% 20% 5 dB decrease 10% 0% 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 L den [dB(A)] D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 4 Slide 19
Differences in annoyance as a function of time of day (Zurich 2001, Aircraft noise annoyance) 12 dB 0 – 24 hrs-Mean = 0dB 10 dB 8 dB 6 dB Bonus Malus 4 dB Penalty [dB] 2 dB 0 dB -2 dB -4 dB -6 dB -8 dB -10 dB -12 dB 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Time of day D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 4 Slide 20
Physiological activations due to noise D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 4 Slide 21
Physiological activations (due to noise) Physiological systems involved Noise-Stressors Hypothalamus Changes in the EEG Pituitary gland Adrenocorticotropic (Awakenings) hormone Sympathetic nervous system Heart rate increase Adrenal glands Cortisol release Release of Catecholamines Movements D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 4 Slide 22
Stress model of non-auditory effects of noise Noise exposure "direct pathway" "indirect pathway" Biochemical / neuronal Psychological stress stress reactions responses - autonomic nervous system Involves higher-level - reaction cascade processes (cognition, - "basic" responses emotion) D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 4 Slide 23
Stress and coping Transactional model of stress and coping (Lazarus & Folkman 1984) " instrumental " • problem-oriented • modify environment or change behavior • seeking advice... primary secondary coping Stressor appraisal appraisal " palliative " • perception-oriented • change perceptions relevant? Evaluation of possibilities • comforting cognitions threatening? to cope with stressor • denial/escapism Perceived control D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 4 Slide 24
Examples of noise coping behaviors • wealthy people buying themselves out of noisy neighborhoods • when the bedroom faces a busy road, people sleep with closed windows / change bedroom • people may take drugs and medication in order to sleep • people may change their (sleeping) habits • people may use earplugs • people may seek (medical) advice • ... Coping can be 'adaptive' or 'maladaptive' ► Unresolved question: What is the relationship between certain ► coping behaviors and long-term outcomes? D- USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 4 Slide 25
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