www.ie-leipzig.de Forschung, Entwicklung, Institut für Energetik und Umwelt Dienstleistung für - Energie Institute for Energy and Environment - Umwelt Environmental Impacts by the Use of Geothermal Energy ENGINE Mid-Term Conference, Potsdam, 11 th January 2007 Stephanie Frick, Martin Kaltschmitt Institut für Energetik und Umwelt gGmbH, Torgauer Str. 116, D-04347 Leipzig, info@ie-leipzig.de
Agenda � Introduction � Life cycle assessment (LCA) � Local environmental impacts � Conclusions
Introduction I � Geothermal energy is a promising energy source. � But no energy source is free of adverse impacts on the environment. � A sustainable geothermal energy provision has to result in benefits for the environment – compared to other alternatives. � Therefore environmental impacts need to be precisely assessed. � Communicating environmental impacts and working on diminishing them is an integral part for further developing geothermal energy. � „Environmental impacts of a geothermal electricity production“, study for the Federal Environmental Agency of Germany (Umweltbundesamt, project duration till March 2007)
Introduction II Assessment of Environmental Impacts 3 relevant phases: drilling & construction plant operation deconstruction Assessment of environmental impacts during the whole life cycle with the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Assessment of local environmental impacts
Life Cycle Assessment - Methodology I - � Environmental impacts of a product are not limited to the Goal and scope use of the product or the definition production process substantial environmental Inventory Interpretation analysis impacts may also occur within the pre-chains. Impact � The most important instrument Assessment to fulfil the holistic approach is the so called Life Cycle Life cycle assessment Assessment (LCA) or eco- according to ISO 140 40/44 balance. „From cradle to grave“
Life Cycle Assessment - Methodology II - Input Product/System Output fuel CO 2 steel CH 4 water N 2 O oil SO 2 cement CO concrete Dust … … „From cradle to grave“
Life Cycle Assessment - Methodology III - � "Consumption of finite energy carrier" (i.e. sum of the overall fossil fuel input from natural gas, crude oil, hard coal, lignite and uranium) � "Anthropogenic greenhouse effect“ (CO 2 -Equivalent) (i.e. rated sum of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 , factor 21) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O, factor 310) in CO 2 -equivalents) � "Acidification of natural eco-systems" (SO 2 -Equivalent) (i.e. rated sum of sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitrogen oxide (NO x , factor 0,7), hydrogen chloride (HCl, factor 0,88), ammonia (NH 3 , factor 1,88) and hydrogen fluoride (HF, factor 1,6) in SO 2 - equivalents) � …
Life Cycle Assessment - Geothermal Basisdata - Geothermal Geothermal „CHP“ Dublette with ORC and Plant concept Dublette with ORC district heating* Upper Rhine Graben (URG) Upper Rhine Graben (URG) Reservoir North German Basin (NGB) North German Basin (NGB) Brine temperature 150 ° C 150 ° C El. capacity 850 kW 850 kW El. efficiency 11 % 11 % 5,600 h el /a Fullload hours 7,500 h/a 1,900 h th /a * flow temperature 70 ° C, return temperature 45 ° C
Life Cycle Assessment - GHG Emissions of Geothermal Plants -
Life Cycle Assessment - GHG Emissions of Geothermal Plants - 110 100 GHG emissions in GJ/GWh 90 80 operation, 70 deconstruction 60 50 construction 40 30 20 10 0 “ B G “ P P G R H H N U C C W W „ „ G B k k R G 0 0 U N 5 5 8 8 W W o o k k e e G G 0 0 5 5 8 8 o o e e G G
Life Cycle Assessment - Basisdata - El. capacity El. efficiency Fullload hours Geothermal 850 kW 11 % 7,500 h/a 5,600 h el /a Geothermal „CHP“ 850 kW 11 % 1,900 h th /a 600 kW, Wind 1,550 h/a 1.5 MW, 2.5 MW Water 32 kW – 28,8 MW 5,000 h/a Photovoltaics 5 kW, 1 MW 800 h/a Coal 600 MW 43 % 5,000 h/a Natural gas 600 MW 58 % 5,000 h/a
Life Cycle Assessment - GHG Emissions - operation, construction fuel provision deconstruction 900 800 110 GHG emissions in t/GWh 100 700 90 80 600 70 500 60 50 400 40 30 300 20 10 200 0 100 0 o s s s s s s s s s W “ “ i B G o W i t W W P P / / / / / / / W t l / n m m m m m / W n l m m m G u m M R u H H o M k o m M M m k N U m C m 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 C 5 5 0 8 0 , , , , , , , 2 2 „ „ W , 0 0 5 6 7 5 6 , , W W W W 5 6 7 7 3 8 0 W , 0 3 B G 2 6 M 2 k W , , , , , , , k k W 6 M W W W W W r G R k W W r r e e r s 0 0 l 5 e N U 1 k M t e a 5 k k a 1 M M M M M t 5 a t 5 a a t o V 0 G a V V 0 0 W 8 W 8 W V 5 W C P 0 5 5 5 5 5 W W P 0 0 P P , o o l 6 , , , , , k 2 k a 6 6 1 1 1 2 2 e e r d 0 0 d G G u d d d d d d d n 5 5 n t n n n n n n n 8 a i 8 i W i i i i i i i W W W N W W W W W o o e e G G
Life Cycle Assessment - Consumption of Finite Energy - �������������������������������������� � � � � � � � � ) ) � � � � � & � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � + � ( ( � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � % � � � � * � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $ � � � � � � ! � � � � � � � � � � � ! ' ' � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $ � � # � # & � � � � � � � ! � � � � ! � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � % � � � � * � � � � � � � " " � � � � " � � � � � � " � � � � � " � � � � � � � � � " $ $ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ! � " � � � � � ! ! � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � " � $ $ � � � � � � � � � � � � % � � � � � � � � � � � � �
Life Cycle Assessment - SO 2 -Equivalents - ,- ! .�/��0"��������������� � � � � � � � � � � � ) ) � � � & � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � + � ( ( � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � % * � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ! ! ' ' � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $ � # � # & � � � � � � � ! � � � � � ! � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � % * � � � � " " � � � � � � � � � � � � " � � � " � � � � � � � � � " � � � � � " $ � � � � � $ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ! � � " � � � � � ! ! � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � " � $ $ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � % � � � � � � � �
Local Environmental Impacts - Survey of Possible Impacts - � Land- � noise � water use � visual slides impact � waste � landuse � induced disposal seismicity � waste heat � chemical � ground- � airborne � hydroth. conta- water, land eruption emissions mination subsidence � thermal � hydraulic impact short circuit
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