Environmental Geotechnics December 1 2, 2017, IIT Bombay, Mumbai - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

IUSSTF Supported workshop on Environmental Geotechnics December 1 ‐ 2, 2017, IIT Bombay, Mumbai (India) N AME : M UNISH K UMAR C HANDEL Current Research Areas: A FFILIATION : A SSOCIATE P ROFESSOR Solid Waste Management C ENTRE FOR E NVIRONMENTAL S CIENCE AND E NGINEERING Waste to Energy I NDIAN I NSTITUTE OF T ECHNOLOGY B OMBAY Life Cycle Analysis Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Climate Change and Transport Carbon Capture and Storage Water-Energy Nexus C ONTACT :+91-22-25767856 E- MAIL : MUNISH . CHANDEL @ IITB . AC . IN Proposed Research Areas: Web page: http://www.cese.iitb.ac.in Landfill Mining Waste to Value

Need for Landfill Mining in India Over dumping and Landfill fires  Most of Indian municipal solid waste is open dumped  Most of the landfill/dumps have exhausted their capacity  Reported cases of landfill fire. Deonar, Mumbai; Autonagar, Hyderabad; Dhapa, Kolkata; Landfill fire in Deonar Dumping ground. (NASA image, January 2016) Ghazipur, Delhi.  Delhi’s Ghazipur landfill collapse: 2 dead as mountain of trash sweeps many into nearby canal As per MSW rules 2016 “ Investigate and analyse all old open dumpsites and existing operational dumpsites for their potential of biomining and bio ‐ remediation and wheresoever feasible, take necessary actions to bio ‐ mine or bio ‐ remediate the sites ” 01 ‐ Dec ‐ 2017 IIT ‐ B 4

Need for Landfill Mining in India Waste generation and Land Requirement  Increase in population also increases waste generation which in turn demands more landfill space.  According to MoF position paper (2009) the area requirement for unscientific dumping of waste for year 2009 ‐ 2047 would 1400 km 2 . Towards circular economy and smart cities Past and projected future resource use in India  Use of secondary resources lying in landfill. (Source: IGEP 2013)  Reclamation of landfill. 01 ‐ Dec ‐ 2017 IIT ‐ B 5

Some Research on Landfill Mining in India Year Site Findings References 1987 Deonar, India Screening of degraded waste to obtain fine fraction to be used as Scheu and compost . Bhattacharyya, 1997 2002 Panchvati, Nasik Stabalisation of waste and growth of vegetation on the site with ENVIS, 2010 subsequent construction of stadium. 2003 Chennai, India Degradation status of Kodungaiyur and Perungudi was studied. The Kurian et al., waste collection method, its characterization and feasibility of landfill 2010 mining was discussed. It was concluded site specific condition will determine the feasibility of LFM. 2003 Gorai, Mumbai Experimental study 1 hectare of land was cleared out of 9 hectare Sahu, A. K., 2009 India using stabilization of waste and selling of fine fraction as compost . 2010 Autonagar, Landfill reclamation via. mining of fine fraction and use as compost Geetanath, V., Hyderabad, 2010 Telangana 2015 Raichur, Reclamation of landfill by screening waste and selling the fine fraction Patel, A., 2015 Karnataka as compost . 2016 Kumbakonam, Stabalisation and segregation of waste. Recycling of all segregated Patel, A. 2015 Tamil Nadu waste in different markets. 2016 Bhandewadi Stabalisation of municipal solid waste with the help of bioculture to Ahluwalia, I. J., dump, Nagpur reduce the volume of the waste and further valorisation with the help & Patel, A., 2017 of bio mining 01 ‐ Dec ‐ 2017 IIT ‐ B 6

Landfill Mining Project at Kumbakonam, Tamilnadu Use % share of  Zigma Global Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd excavated carried out LFM project at Kumbakonam, waste Tamilnadu. Cement companies 17 and power plant  Site was reclaimed via stabalisation of waste Pyrolysis plant 15 and then further sorting of waste into different fraction. Recyclers 6 Reclaimer 2  Out of 7.5 acres they reclaimed 5 acres of Recycling companies 3 land. Steel plants 0.5  Out of 1,31,250 m 3 more than 1,00,000 m 3 Pipe making 5 has been processed. companies Soil enricher to 6  The plant segregated the waste in 14 Sugarcane farmer fraction with zero % rejects. RDF 6.5 Source: http://sac.ap.gov.in/sac/UserInterface/Downlaods/PRESENTATION.pdf 01 ‐ Dec ‐ 2017 IIT ‐ B 7

Principal Drivers of Landfill Mining in India Waste to Energy ~ Around 30 ‐ 40% are combustible fraction Landfill Mining Waste to Material For recycling/ compost/ building material Waste to Land Void ‐ space recovery Retrofitting of dumpsites to tackle environmental problems 01 ‐ Dec ‐ 2017 IIT ‐ B 8

Our Study on Mulund Dumpsite in Mumbai Zone Year A 2010 ‐ 2012 B 2015 ‐ 2016 Site Description C 2013 ‐ 2014 Name: Mulund D 2007 ‐ 2009 – Dump yard (in E 2012 ‐ 2013 operation since 1967) Area: 25 hectare – Waste Received : – 4500 metric ton Daily Waste is dumped – in an unscientific manner. Nearest habitation – is 200 feet away 01 ‐ Dec ‐ 2017 IIT ‐ B 9

Particle Size Distribution of Mulund Dumpsite 60 Fine fraction accounts for almost 40 ‐ 50 % of total waste 50 40 Percentage (%) 30 20 10 0 A ‐ 1 A ‐ 2 A ‐ 3 B ‐ 1 B ‐ 2 B ‐ 3 C ‐ 1 C ‐ 2 C ‐ 3 D ‐ 1 D ‐ 2 D ‐ 3 E ‐ 1 E ‐ 2 E ‐ 3 E ‐ 4 E ‐ 5 Screen Size >80 mm Screen Size 80 ‐ 40 mm Screen Size 40 ‐ 20 mm Screen Size 20 ‐ 4 mm Screen Size < 4 mm 01 ‐ Dec ‐ 2017 IIT ‐ B 10

Heavy Metals Concentration Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb Zn Coarse Fraction mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg Indian Standard 5 50 300 50 100 1000 Zone A 3 484 443 154 565 608 Zone B 3 342 404 145 36 312 Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb Zn Fine Fraction mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg Indian Standard 5 50 300 50 100 1000 Zone A 3.75 374 540 173 202 843.5 Zone B 1.75 325 170 116 66 308 01 ‐ Dec ‐ 2017 IIT ‐ B 11

Future Work Analysis of Valorisation Routes: • Waste to Energy • Waste to Material 01 ‐ Dec ‐ 2017 IIT ‐ B 12

Summary  Landfill mining can be used for management of old and uncontrolled dumps and landfills in India.  The recovery of waste depends on: Age, Characteristics, Technology used and its Efficiency.  The study so far shows that around 50% of excavated waste is fine fraction.  Study of possible valorisation options for different sorted fraction needed.  Pros and cons of landfill mining to be weighed by economic and environmental evaluation. 01 ‐ Dec ‐ 2017 IIT ‐ B 13

Sustainable Construction and Building Materials Laboratory (SCBM) Department of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal Dr. Bibhuti Bhusan Das Assistant Professor

 Present investigations towards the sustainable development in civil engineering.  There are many factors that can influence and ultimately affect the environmental footprint.  Concrete is used in nearly every structure and it has huge impact on sustainability.  Sustainable utilization of the industrial by ‐ products in concrete and sustainable production of artificial aggregates draws the path towards sustainability.  However, “Sustainable Solution” is difficult to define .

 Industrial by ‐ products utilization in concrete is investigated with the partial replacement of the fine aggregates and cement.  bottom ash  battery waste  e ‐ waste (plastic waste)  coconut shell ash  fly ash  ground granulated blast furnace slag  Fresh and hardened properties of the partially replaced industrial by ‐ products in concrete  Permeability and durability studies of the concrete.

120 Quarry dust 100 River sand Electronic waste 80 Bottom Ash 60 Battery Slag % Finer 40 20 0 0.01 0.1 1 10 Particle size (mm)

60 40 Compressive Strength (MPa) 35 Compressive Strength (Mpa) 50 30 40 25 20 30 15 20 10 10 5 7 days 28 days 56 days 90 days 7 days 28 days 56 days 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40 50 % Replacement of Battery Slag % Replacement by Bottom Ash 35 30 Strength (MPa) Comperessive 25 20 15 10 5 3 Days 7 Days 28 Days 56 Days 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 % Replacement of e ‐ plastic waste

 Sustainable utilization of treated waste water in both mixing as well as curing of concrete. Compressive Strength (Mpa) Pictorial representation for culturing of bacterial Mix Designations microbes

SEM images for the concrete X-ray diffractogram of various samples with various mixes mixes of concrete

 The amount of utilization of aggregates is increasing because of the rapid change in the infrastructure development of the country.  The availability of natural aggregates is very scarce and mining leads to serious environmental impacts.  Alternate material which can replace the natural mined aggregate is much needed.  The development and production of artificial aggregates from industrial by ‐ products for utilization in concrete is the need of the hour.

+ Research work at NITK, Surathkal

Normal curing Flyash based Geo ‐ polymer Coarse aggregates Heat curing 4.75 mm 2.36 mm 1.18 mm 600 µm 300 µm 20mm 4.75 mm 10mm Normal curing Fractions – Fine Aggregates Heat curing Research at NITK, Surathkal