ENVIRONMENTAL GEOMECHANICS CE-641 Lecture No. 10 Prof. D N Singh Department of Civil Engineering
06.9.2019 Lecture No. 10 Lecture Name: Application of Industrial by-products Applications of Industrial Waste(s) Sub-topics • Application(s) of Industrial Waste(s)/By-products • Fly ash • Silica Fumes • Rubber tiers • Glass (Aggregates) • Dredged material • Need for Characterization (of geomaterials & wastes )
Major Issues (for application of Industrial waste as a geomaterial) Identification of the application Key property required for the application Environmental sustainability Laboratory (testing) protocols Modeling of engineering behavior Constructability and field performance Long-term performance Regulatory constraints “SUSTAINABILITY”
POZZOLANA • Volcanic Ash from Pozzuoli in Italy • Surkhi Man-made Volcano Natural Volcano
Soil Stabilization using Fly ash Laboratory Studies In situ studies on Pavement Base & Sub-bases Swell-pressure and % swell decreases LL, PL, PI, decrease Plasticity modification & hence better compaction CBR modification Fly ash cement mix
Growing Use of Fly Ash Based Cement In India • Has grown significantly over last 6 to 7 years. • High level of acceptance among consultants, architects & engineers. • Accepted by national IS Codes IS 456-2000 for design and construction of concrete (< 35%). • By reducing consumption of OPC, the rate of depletion of mineral resources required for production of cement can be reduced.
High Volume Fly ash Concrete (HVAC) for Infrastructure development • High volumes of fly ash • Low water content • Low Portland cement content Applications: • Power (Hydro, Thermal & Nuclear) sector. • Dams, Barrages & Irrigation Projects. • Marine Projects (Underwater Concreting). • Environmental Engineering Projects.
Silica Fumes Silica fume, also known as microsilica, is a by- product of the reduction of high purity quartz with coal in electric furnaces in the production of silicon and ferrosilicon alloys. Silica Fume is also collected as a by-product in the production of other silicon alloys such as ferrochromium, ferromanganese, ferro magnesium, and calcium silicon.
Need for recycling and reuse of Tires Threat to human health and the environment (poisonous gas production) Unsightly Land Pollution Collection of rainwater (Mosquito breeding) tire fires Recycling or Reuse Stockpiled or landfilled
Civil Engineering Applications of Scrap Tires Sub-grade Asphalt Rubber Road embankments Insulation for Roads Pavement
Pavement Requirements • Durability (Flexible/ Rigid) • Deformation/ Modulus • Thermal Resistance • Rutting Resistance • Wearing • Shrinkage Resistance • Skid Resistance Rubber Tire with Steel Mesh meets all above requirements
Splicing Prof. R C Joshi Univ. of Calgary, Canada of Side-walls Schematic diagram of spliced and flattened Tire
Longitudinal Direction of Pavement Width of Pavement
Beneficial Use of Glass Aggregates Growing plants without soil)
Application of Dredged Material www.deme.be/projects/malaysia_pulauindah.html http://www.deme.be/projects/maldive_hulhumale.html
Beneficial Use of Dredged Material • Beach nourishment • Shore protection • Soil creation/enhancement • Land reclamation • Habitat restoration • Construction materials
Characterization of waste 1. Water content 2. Density 3. Granulometry (fractions of gravel, sand, silt and clay) 4. The following constituents: a) Total organic carbon b) Carbonate content c) Mercury, arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, nickel, iron, manganese. d) Organochlorines e) Total extractable hydrocarbons f) Tributyltin (TBT) and dibutyltin (DBT) g) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) h) Toxicity tests (Microtox or whole sediment bioassay) i) Thermal & Chemical stability
Characterization of waste Need for a complete Physico-chemico-Mineralogical Thermal & Electrical Characterization To understand their behavior and recommending a proper utilization scheme
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