CE 641 Environmental Geomechanics Lecture No. 3 Dr. Sowmya S. PDF IIT Bombay 2
Biogeotechnology Biotechnology Bio in geo Biotechnology Geotechnology 3
BIOLOGY and BIOTECHNOLOGY Biology ---- branch of science concerned with living thing Biotechnology ---- technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use Plants, animals, birds, bacteria, fungus Microorganisms ---- easy to study, work as they have a simple and comparatively smaller genetic make up Cells 4
19 th - 20 th century was characterized by an increasing awareness towards environmental issues such as depletion of natural resources, threat to biodiversity and hazards of increased air, water and soil pollution……. 5
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Chromosomes carry hereditary information for everything from height to eye color 7
India – largest producer of GM cotton, 95% 8
Deepwater Horizon oil spill April 20, 2010 BP, a leader in deep water oil drilling efforts Triggered --- environmental disaster --- a gas release and subsequent explosion occurred on the Deepwater Horizon oil rig Dumped an estimated 205 million gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico Several studies suggest that microbes successfully consumed part of the oil Alcanivorax borkumensis was added to the waters to speed digestion Alcanivorax borkumensis is an oil-degrading marine bacterium
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14 BIOGEOTECHNOLOGY
Biogeotechnology Any technological application that uses living organisms to solve geotechnical problems Fundamental -- baseline information land-fill, remediation, slope stabilization, pipeline corrosion soil properties Applicative 16
There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre of freshwater. There are approximately 5×10 30 bacteria on Earth, forming a biomass which exceeds that of all plants and animals. Any kind of environment Microbes form an integral part of soil system 17
Various methods to treat the slope surface using vegetation http://personal.cityu.edu.hk/~bswmwong/pl/pdf/slope_protection.pdf Applications of plants and vegetative soil cover for soil erosion control, slope protection, 18 preventation of slope failure, reduction of water infiltration into slopes
PHYTOREMEDIATION Plants can help bind, extract, transform and clean up many kinds of pollution including metals, pesticides, chlorinated solvents, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), explosives, radionuclides and petroleum hydrocarbons Plants clean up these forms of pollution as far down as their roots can grow Plants also help prevent wind and rain from carrying pollution away from the site to other areas. Brown mustard, Sunflower, Bladder campion, Barley, Pumpkin, Red clover, Poplars, Pine, tobacco, water hyacinth
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Applications Land fill Degradation Industrial waste Marine environment Metal, toxic chemicals remediation Gas hydrates Pink sea - Dunaliella salina, Halobacteria cutirubrum 23
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Self healing concrete 25
For any application such as Bio-fertilizer, Bioremediation…. Sample collection Biological Physico-chemical parameters (Isolation of bacteria) Screening for specific properties Taxonomic identification and phylogenetic analysis Elucidation of microbe interaction Bioprospecting 26
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30 Serial dilution and viable plate count method
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Optimization of growth conditions C, P, N…. Temperature pH 33
Screen for specific properties 34
Phylogenetic analysis -- depicts the evolutionary relationships Bacillus safensis FO-036b(T) (AF234854) 100 Firmicutes YU-SS-SB-23 (KF156653) 100 Paenibacillus cineris LMG 18439(T) (AJ575658) 92 100 YU-SS-SB-26 (KF156656) Curtobacterium citreum DSM 20528(T) (X77436) Actinobacteria YU-SS-SB-27 (KF156657) 100 YU-SS-SB-31 (KF156660) Burkholderia latens R-5630(T) (AM747628) β - Proteobacteria 100 YU-SS-SB-25 (KF156655) 99 γ - Proteobacteria Acinetobacter pittii LMG 1035(T) (HQ180184) 100 YU-SS-SB-29 (KC433736) Flavobacterium flevense DSM 1076(T) (AM230486) Bacteroidetes 100 YU-SS-SB-22 (KF156652) 0.02 Phylogenetic tree of seven PSB from sand sample of Someshwara beach based on 16S rRNA gene sequences available from the EMBL database (accession numbers are given in perenthesis) constructed after multiple alignments of the data using CLUSTAL_X. Distances (according to the Kimura two parameter model) and clustering with the neighbour joining method 35 were performed using MEGA version 5. Numbers at the node are the bootstrap percentages.
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Metagenomics 2 APPROACHES FOR ANALYSIS • • CULTURE DEPENDENT CULTURE INDEPENDENT Bacteria isolation on selective media Direct isolation of nucleic acids Counting PCR 16S rDNA sequencing & amplification Identification DGGE analysis Strain characterization Sequencing of target gene Bioinformatics Phylogenetic and diversity analysis 40
Field application Environmental Geotechnologists There is the classic issue encountered when working with bacteria, in that microbial processes are relatively slow and often unpredictable, especially when environmental factors are involved 41
Molecular biology has shown that even the simplest of all living systems on the earth today, bacterial cells, are exceedingly complex objects. Although the tiniest bacterial cells are incredibly small, weighing less than 10-12 gms, each is in effect a veritable micro-miniaturized factory containing thousands of exquisitely designed pieces of intricate molecular machinery, made up altogether of one hundred thousand million atoms, far more complicated than any machine built by man and absolutely without parallel in the nonliving world. Michael Denton 42
Due to complexity, the microbial geotech would require an integration of microbiology, ecology, geochemistry and geotechnical engineering knowledge 43
44 Geotechnologists Biotechnologists Biogeotechnology
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