Energy Storage Technology Advancement Partnership (ESTAP) Webinar Energy Storage 101, Part 1: Battery Storage Technology, Systems and Cost Trends March 26, 2019
Housekeeping Join audio: • Choose Mic & Speakers to use VoIP • Choose Telephone and dial using the information provided Use the orange arrow to open and close your control panel Submit questions and comments via the Questions panel This webinar is being recorded. We will email you a webinar recording within 48 hours. This webinar will be posted on CESA’s website at www.cesa.org/webinars
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Energy Storage Technology Advancement Partnership (ESTAP) (bit.ly/ESTAP) ESTAP is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Electricity and Sandia National Laboratories, and is managed by CESA. ESTAP Key Activities: ESTAP Project Locations: 1. Disseminate information to stakeholders New Jersey: $10 New York: $40 Vermont: 4 MW Massachusetts: $40 Million Oregon: 500 kW million, 4-year Million energy storage Resilient Power/Microgrids Energy Storage energy storage • Microgrids microgrid & ESTAP listserv >5,000 members Solicitation: 11 projects Demonstration solicitation: 13 Initiative Airport Microgrid $10 Million energy storage Project projects demo program • Webinars, conferences, information updates, surveys. Connecticut: $50 Million, New Mexico: 3-year Microgrids 2. Facilitate public/private partnerships to support joint Energy Storage Initiative: 11 projects Task Force federal/state energy storage demonstration project deployment Pennsylvania Alaska: Kodiak Battery 3. Support state energy storage efforts with technical, policy Island Demonstration Wind/Hydro/ Project and program assistance Battery & Cordova hydro/battery Northeastern Maryland Game Changer Awards: projects States Post-Sandy Solar/EV/Battery Critical & Resiliency Through Microgrids Infrastructure Task Force Hawaii: 6MW Resiliency Project storage on Molokai Island and HECO projects 4
Webinar Speakers Dan Borneo Vince Sprenkle Dr. Imre Gyuk Todd Olinsky-Paul Engineering Project Chief Scientist, Director, Energy Project Director, Manager, Sandia Electrochemical Materials Storage Research, U.S. Clean Energy States National Laboratory and Systems Group, Department of Energy Alliance (moderator) Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Towards Sustainable Gridscale Electrical Energy Storage IMRE GYUK, DIRECTOR, ENERGY STORAGE RESEARCH, DOE-OE ESTAP Webcast 0 3 – 26-19
The grid has become stochastic! WIND EV FOSSIL STORAGE LOAD ROOFTOP PV SOLAR PV Electricity Storage provides a buffer between Electrical Generation and Electrical Load Balancing Technologies: Demand Management Thermal Storage, Chemical Storage Building Technology
Proper Development of Energy Storage Requires Consideration and Interplay of different Areas Politics Climate Economics Disasters Social Resource Movements Competition
Li-ion Batteries? Cycle life <<20years Safety Concerns. Low cost, market ready No Recycling! Tie-in with EV development No U.S. Manufacture Co Price
Obstacles and Impediments to Sustainability: Safety, Reliability, Ecological and Sociological Issues, Re-Use, Recycling, Disposal 27 MW in 2017! Co Mining in Africa! A Stream of Trash!
Safety is Essential!! Research and Statistics urgently needed How much should Liability Insurance be? - Can the Technology be improved? E.g. seatbelts - Should the Technology be replaced? E.g. H 2 airships Safety should not be a Patch but part of Design!
Ecological and Sociological Issues. Cheap for whom? Who will pay? Who will benefit? What is the Total Carbon Footprint? Will this help with Global Warming? Does it promote Social Equity? Is the Technology Sustainable?
Re-Use, Recycling, Disposal EV Batteries retain ~80% Capacity • Reuse for Stationary Application? • or the Trash-heap? Recycling – is it commercially feasible Or does Entropy win again? The Midden is not an Answer! We must design for the Waste Stream!! → DOE Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Prize
To develop Safe, Inexpensive, and Environmentaly Benign Batteries We must look towards Earth-Abundant Materials
Cost Goals for Focus Technologies Manufactured at scale Li-ion Batteries (cells) $250/kWh V/V Flow Batteries (stack+PE) $300/kWh ___________________________________________________________________ Zinc Manganese Oxide (Zn-MnO 2 ) 2 Electron System $ 50/kWh Low Temperature Na-NaI based Batteries $ 60/kWh Aqueous Soluble Organic (ASO) Redox Flow Batteries (stack+PE) $125/kWh _____________________________________________________________________ Advanced Lead Acid $ 35/kWh
New Technology Solutions will cut Costs, increase Safety and Reliability. Re-Use, Recycling, Disposal Issues will be Resolved. But, can new Technologies Prevail in the Marketplace??
Grid Energy Storage Introductory Training Part 1 – Technology, Systems and Cost Trends Dan Borneo – Sandia National Laboratories Susan Schoenung – Longitude122 West March 26, 2019 SAND2018-13308 PE
Contributors Imre Gyuk – DOE Vince Sprenkle – PNNL Babu Chalamala – Sandia Ray Byrne – Sandia Dan Borneo – Sandia Jeremy Twitchell – PNNL Todd Olinsky-Paul – CESA Susan Schoenung – Longitude122 West 2
Agenda This first Energy Storage 101 webinar covers state of the technology, energy storage systems and cost trends. Future installments will cover additional topics: Applications and economics Policy and regulations Safety and reliability Project development, commissioning and deployment. 3
Energy Storage: Technologies, Terms, and Fundamentals 4
Grid Energy Storage Deployments Other 0% Pb-acid Energy Storage Comparison 5% Globally Li-ion Na-metal • 1.7 GW - Battery Energy Storage 78% 12% • ~170 GW - Pumped Storage Hydropower U.S. Flow 5% • 0.75 GW BES • 23.6 GW PHS Average Duration Discharge (hrs) % of U.S. Generation Capacity 5.0 4.0 • 0.03% Battery Energy Storage 3.0 • 2.2% Battery + Pumped Storage 2.0 1.0 Source: DOE Global Energy Storage Database 0.0 http://www.energystorageexchange.org/ Li-ion Flow Na-metal Pb-acid 5
Growth in Battery Energy Storage over Past Decade Current Grid Storage Deployments KEY Front of Meter Non - Residential Source: GTM Research / ESA | U.S. Energy Storage Monitor Q2 2018 Residential However Grid-Scale Energy Storage still < 0.1% of U.S. Generation Capacity EV’s < 1% of vehicles sold in U.S. 6
Energy Storage Performance Ranges TVA PHS 1.6 GW 1000000 1 GW 22 hrs 100 100000 CAES Discharge Power 10000 1 MW 1000 Battery Energy Storage Flywheels 100 Supercap 10 1 1 kW 0.01 0.1 1 10 Discharge Duration (hrs) 7
Basic Battery Terminology Electrochemical Cell: Cathode(+), Anode (-), and Electrolyte (ion conducting intermediate) Energy (KWh) = Ability to do work. Power (KW) = The rate at which the work is being done. Dan’s definition ES- KW – The Capacity of the Energy Storage System i.e, 1KW ES – KWh – The Capacity multiplied by the time (hour) rating of the system A 1KW 2 hour system = 2KWh Example - If 10 – 100 watt light bubs need to operate for an hour then: 10 x 100W = 1KW * 1 hr = 1KWh Energy Density (Wh/kg or Wh/L): used to measure the energy density of battery. Note: number often given for cell, pack, and system Generally: pack = ½ cell energy density, and system is fraction of the pack. $/KWh = Capital cost of the energy content of a storage device. $/KW – Capital cost of power content of a storage device. 8
Energy Storage System (ESS) is NOT the same as an Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) Traditional UPS Traditional with generation UPS 9
Energy Storage System (ESS) is NOT the same as an Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) Grid-tied Energy Traditional UPS Storage System Feeder Feeder (Microgrid configuration) Bi-directional Battery inverter Load Battery Load • • Seamless Transition is Possible Less Equipment = Lower Capital Cost • • Does not require external signal to trigger Easily Expandable • Voltage source mode Simple Controls • To date seamless transition is difficult 10
Elements of Battery Energy Storage Power Control Energy management Site Management Balance of Storage System (PCS) System (EMS) System (SMS) Plant • Charge / Discharge • Storage device • Bi-directional • DER control • Housing Inverter • Battery • Load Management • Synchronization • Wiring Management • Switchgear • Ramp rate control • Islanding • Climate & Protection • Transformer • Grid Stability • Microgrid control (BMS) • Interconnection • Monitoring • Fire protection • $ • Racking • $/KW • $ • Permits • $/KWh • $ • Efficiency • Cycle life NOTE: All – in can increase cost by 2-4x. 11
Lithium-ion Batteries Advantages High energy density Better cycle life than Lead - Acid Decreasing costs – Stationary on coattails of increasing EV. Ubiquitous – Multiple vendors Fast response SCE/Tesla 20MW -80MWh Mira Loma Battery Facility Higher efficiency* (Parasitic loads like HVAC often not included) Applications Traditionally a power battery but cost decreases and other factors allow them to used in energy applications SCE Tehachapi plant, 8MW - 32MWh. 12
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