Survey on Energy Harvesting (cont.) Two main categories for energy harvesting: 1) Ambient EH: ambient sources are already exist in the surrounding environment. 2) Dedicated EH: dedicated sources are placed intentionally for these IoT devices. The level of the energy harvested by each IoT device depends on: o Distance between the IoT device and the energy source. o Sensitivity of harvesting circuit. 27 o Environment.
Survey on Energy Harvesting (cont.) Challenges that are facing the energy harvesting for IoT devices: � Energy harvesting receiver design. � Energy arrival rate. � Energy arrival rate. � Minimum number of dedicated energy sources. � Scheduling of energy transmitters. � Multi-path energy routing. 28
RF EH Block Diagram 29 The main components of the RF energy harvesting system
Advantages of Using Planar Antennas � Low profile. � Light weight. � � Can be fixed on the building window. � Easy to be integrated with the rectifier and the matching circuit. 30
Antennas for IoT Systems Depending on the substrate material and the conductive layer, there are: 1) Opaque antennas : opaque dielectric material and opaque conducting material. 2) Transparent antennas : � Semi-transparent: � Semi-transparent: opaque opaque conductive conductive material is etched on a transparent substrate such as polymers. � Fully-transparent: transparent conductive oxides are deposited on a transparent substrate and the final deposited traces 31 seems to be invisible to the human eye.
Our Proposed Antennas for EH The antennas are the main device in the RF energy harvesting. This is due to the fact that the antennas are used to collect the ambient electromagnetic power. Energy Harvesting Frequency Bands GSM 900 Mobile transmit 880 - 915 MHz Base transmit 925 - 960 MHz GSM 1800 Mobile transmit 1710 - 1785 MHz Base transmit 1805 - 1880 MHz UMTE 2100 Mobile transmit 1920 - 1980 MHz Base transmit 2110 - 2170 MHz Other bands include Wi-Fi hotspots (and other 2.4GHz sources), and WiMax 32 (2.3/3.5 GHz) network transmitters and WLAN (5.2/5.8GHz).
Three Proposed Antennas for EH W W L 1 L 2 L 3 L L L L L g L g W f W f A triple band coplanar A quad band CPW A quad band multi waveguide fed planar monopole antenna arm coplanar 33 inverted-F antenna loaded with double E- waveguide (CPW) (CPIFA). shaped stubs. fed.
Triple Band Antenna for Energy Harvesting Compact three resonant frequencies coplanar waveguide fed planar inverted- F antenna (PIFA). The PIFA antenna is a better choice for reducing the space of the antenna. W Substrate length L 60 mm Substrate width Substrate width W W 70 mm 70 mm L feeding line width W f 3.5 mm feeding line length L f 18 mm Y L g Separation gap g 0.35 mm Ground plane length L g 18 mm X W f 34 The detailed structure of the CPIFA antenna.
The Proposed Antenna Reduction Size The total area of the traditional antenna is 70 × 90 mm 2 . At 900 MHz the CPIFA antenna reduced the total area by 33%. Moreover, the traditional PIFA antenna has only one band at 35 900 MHz, however the CPIFA antenna has three resonate bands.
Triple Band Antenna Design Steps Step (c) Step (c) Step (b) Step (b) Step (a) Step (a) Step (a) Step (b) Step (c) 36 |S 11 |of design steps of the CPIFA.
Triple Band Antenna Results HFSS CST Measurement Photo of fabricated antenna Comparison between simulated and measured results. 37
Triple Band Antenna Results 0 -30 30 0 0 1.20 -30 30 -30 30 3.20 17.60 -1.60 -60 60 0.40 15.20 -4.40 -60 60 -60 60 -2.40 12.80 -7.20 H-plane (XZ plane) -5.20 10.40 -90 90 E-plane (XY plane) -90 90 -90 90 -120 120 -120 120 -120 120 -150 150 -150 150 -150 150 -180 -180 -180 (a) F=0.9 GHz (b) F=1.8 GHz (c) F=2.4 GHz The radiation pattern of the antenna in E-plane, and H-plane at different frequencies 0.9, 1.8, and 2.4 GHz. The values of directivity, gain, and radiation efficiency for the CPIFA antenna. The values of directivity, gain, and radiation efficiency for the CPIFA antenna. Directivity Gain (dBi) Radiation efficiency % Frequency (dBi) (GHz) 2.2 1.5 90.9 0.9 GHz 3.73 3.4 90.1 1.8 GHz 2.8 2.12 76.1 2.4 GHz 38 “Tri-Band Compact CPW-Fed PIFA Antenna for Energy Harvesting”, Accepted in: 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Antenna and Propagation (AP-S), 8-13 July 2018, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Quad Band Antenna for Energy Harvesting The antenna was designed to operate at the Egypt cellular frequency bands of GSM 1800, UMTS 2100, the 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi, and the 5.2 GHz WLAN frequency bands. W Substrate length L 60 mm Substrate width W 40 mm feeding line width W f 5 mm feeding line length L f 18 mm L 1 L 1 L 2 2 L 3 Separation gap g 0.3 mm L Ground plane length L g 18 mm L 1 29.5 mm F 1 =1.8 GHz GSM1800 X L g L 2 23 mm F 2 =2.2 GHz UMTS2100 W f Y L 3 15.8 mm F 3 =2.4 GHz Wi-Fi 2.4 39 The detailed structure of the quad band antenna. WLAN 5.2 L 4 8.9 mm F 4 =5.2 GHz GHz
Quad Band Antenna Design Steps 5 Coefficient (dB) 0 -5 -10 Reflection Co -15 -20 -25 -30 Antenna 1 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 Frequency (GHz) L 1 =29.5 mm and gives the first resonance frequency 40 of 1.8 GHz with a frequency band from 1.76 GHz to 1.9 GHz which includes almost the GSM 1800.
Quad Band Antenna Design Steps 5 on Coefficient (dB) 0 -5 -10 Reflection -15 -20 Antenna 2 -25 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 Frequency (GHz) The second arm which has length of L 2 =23 mm and is responsible for the second resonance frequency 2.2 41 GHz with a frequency band 2 GHz to 2.31 GHz which contains the downlink frequencies of the UMTS 2100.
Quad Band Antenna Design Steps 5 n Coefficient (dB) 0 -5 -10 Reflection C -15 -20 -25 Antenna 3 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 Frequency (GHz) The third arm with length L 3 =15.8 mm to get the 2.4 42 GHz Wi-Fi band with a wide band.
Quad Band Antenna Design Steps Coefficient (dB) 0 -10 Reflection C -20 -30 Antenna 4 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 Frequency (GHz) The fourth arm L 4 = 8.9 mm to obtain the WLAN 5.2 GHz 43 resonance.
Quad Band Antenna Results (a) F=1.8 GHz (b) F=2.2 GHz (c) F=2.45 GHz (d) F=5.2 GHz The current density distribution on the antenna at different frequencies. HFSS CST Measurement 44 A photo of the fabricated antenna. Comparison between the simulated results using HFSS, CST and the measurement results for |S 11 |.
Quad Band Antenna Results 0 0 0 -30 30 -30 30 -30 30 2.00 2.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -2.00 -2.00 -2.00 -60 60 -60 60 -60 60 -4.00 -4.00 -4.00 H-plane (XZ plane) -6.00 -6.00 -6.00 -8.00 -8.00 -8.00 E-plane (XY plane) -90 90 -90 90 -90 90 -120 120 -120 120 -120 120 -150 150 -150 150 -150 150 -180 -180 -180 (a) F=1.8 GHz (b) F=2.2 GHz (c) F=2.4 GHz Radiation pattern in E-plane, and H-plane at different frequencies 1.8, 2.2, and 2.4 GHz. The values of directivity, gain, and radiation efficiency for the quad band antenna. Directivity (dBi) Gain (dBi) Radiation efficiency % Frequency (GHz) 3.12 3.03 97 1.8 GHz 2.57 2.42 94 1.9 GHz 1.95 1.86 95.1 2.15 GHz 2.1 1.6 76.2 2.45 GHz 5.4 4.93 90.4 5.2 GHz 45 “Multi-Bandwidth CPW-Fed Open End Square Loop Monopole Antenna for Energy Harvesting, Presented in 2018, (International Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society (ACES) Symposium), Denver, Colorado, USA on March 24-29, 2018.
Rectangular CPW Monopole Antenna with Double E-shaped Stubs Material: Rogers RT6002 with ε =2.94, h= 0.76 mm, with ε r =2.94, h= 0.76 mm, and tan δ =0.0012. The rectangular monopole alone generates 46 the 2.45 GHz band.
Rectangular CPW Monopole Antenna with Double E-shaped Stubs � The two E-shaped stubs, operating as monopole monopole radiators, radiators, generate the 3.5 GHz band for the WiMAX system. 47
Rectangular CPW Monopole Antenna with Double E-shaped Stubs 48
Rectangular CPW Monopole Antenna with Double E-shaped Stubs (a) 0.94 GHz. (b)2.45 (b)2.45 GHz. (c) 3.5 GHz. (d)5.2 49 GHz.
CPW Monopole Antenna (cont.) The The overall radiation pattern seems to be an overall radiation pattern seems to be an Omni-directional pattern which fulfills the requirements of RF energy harvesting applications since the received ambient RF field may come from different directions . 50 CPW-Fed Multiband Antenna for Various Wireless Communications”, Accepted in : 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Antenna and Propagation (AP-S), 8-13 July 2018, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Design for Harvesting Antenna The positions of source Directive and receiving antennas are radiation if known. patterns are (Dedicated RF energy preferred harvesting source) The positions of source Omni- and receiving antennas are directional relatively uncertain. if radiation (Ambient RF energy patterns are 51 harvesting source) preferred
The Measurement of the Ambient Power in the RF Spectrum 52
Survey on Egypt RF Spectrum. This survey was done in two places one of them is outdoor measurements in the street and the other is indoor in our Electronics Research Institute buildings. The spectrum measurements were done using the Agilent Technology VNA N9918A which works as a spectrum analyzer. 53 Picture of the horn which is Picture taken during the measurements of the used in the RF spectrum received ambient power at 10 am using our measurements proposed antenna (indoor measurements).
Survey on Egypt RF Spectrum (cont.) The aim of using two different antennas is to study the effect of the antenna gain on the received RF power. Because the more the antenna received power the more the system overall efficiency increases. The measured RF spectrum was (indoor measurements) in the ERI at 11 am at ERI Dokki building 0 -10 -20 Power (dBm) -30 -40 -50 54 -60 0.7 1.4 2.1 2.8 3.5 4.2 4.9 5.6 6 Frequency (GHz)
Survey on Egypt RF spectrum (cont.) Picture taken from the Picture taken from the Agilent Technology N9918A during the RF spectrum study using (indoor measurements) 55
Survey on Egypt RF Spectrum (cont.) -25 The measured received power of the Peak 4 Spectrum at 5 pm antenna in reality at different times -30 Peak 1 Spectrum at 11am using the quad band multi-arm CPW -35 Peak 3 Peak 5 antenna in our Electronics Research Peak 2 -40 ) er (dBm Institute buildings (indoor) at ERI Dokki building. -45 Pow -50 -55 -60 -65 -65 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 Frequency (GHz) The maximum values of the measured received power using the quad band multi-arm CPW antenna in our Electronics Research Institute buildings (indoor) at 11 am at ERI Dokki building. Frequency power (dBm) Power (micro watt) Peak 0.9 GHz -32 dBm 0.63 µw Peak1 1.8 GHz -42.88 dBm 0.05 µw Peak2 56 2.1 GHz -43.3 dBm 0.05 µw Peak3 2.4 GHz -26.6 dBm 2.19 µw Peak4 5.18 GHz -45.2 dBm 0.03 µw Peak5
Survey on Egypt RF Spectrum (cont.) Outdoor measurement at 1 pm. Value of the power at GSM 900 band is the highest value comparing to other bands, which means that there was a GSM 900 base station tower near to us during the outdoor measurements. 57 Value of the ambient RF power at Wi-Fi band is very low at the street comparing to the indoor measurements in the ERI because the street does not contain hot spots
The AC to DC Converter Unit The energy harvested by the antenna is integrated with the matching circuit and the AC to DC converter (rectifier) to maximize the stored power. The next stage after the antenna in the ambient RF energy harvesting system is the AC to DC converter unit which consists of a rectifier circuit. 6 4 Diode 2 out, V in, V 0 R AC input Output -2 signal volt -4 -6 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 58 time, nsec (a) (b) (a) Half wave rectifier circuit and (b) comparison between the AC input volt and the half wave rectified output volt.
The AC to DC Converter Unit AC input signal Bridge Output volt rectifier Vin (AC) D 2 C 1 Vout Voltage (V) AC input R L Output D 1 C 2 signal volt 59 Voltage doubler rectifier Time (µS)
Schottky Diode The schottky didoes are used in the ambient RF energy harvesting systems because of their high sensitivity to the very low ambient power. The schottky diodes have very fast switching action which is suitable for the high frequencies. Diode HSMS 2850 HSMS 2860 Operating frequency range 915 MHz-5.8 GHz 915 MHz-5.8 GHz Forward voltage V F 150-250 mV 250-350 mV 60 Total device dissipation P T 75 mW 250 mW 3×10 -6 A 5×10 -8 A Saturation current I s
Voltage Doubler Circuit di_hp_HSMS2850_20000301 vin D1 P_1Tone C PORT1 vo C3 R Num=1 C=100 pF R1 Z=50 Ohm R=700 Ohm P=dbmtow(pin) Freq=2.41 GHz C C2 C=100 pF di_hp_HSMS2850_20000301 61 D3
Voltage Doubler Output Volt and Efficiency R L =1000 ohm R L =1000 ohm R L =700 ohm R L =700 ohm R L =500 ohm R L =500 ohm HSMS 2860 HSMS 2850 R L =1000 ohm R L =1000 ohm R L =700 ohm R L =700 ohm R L =500 ohm R L =500 ohm HSMS 2850 HSMS 2860 62 • The 500 ohm load resistance gives the maximum efficiency that reaches to 95% at 15 dBm input power. • The rectifier conversion efficiency using the HSMS2850 reaches to 85% at input power of 15 dBm.
Comparison between using HSMS 2850 and HSMS 2860 in the rectifier circuit HSMS 2860 HSMS 2850 The efficiency variation versus the input power using two different schottky diodes (HSMS2850, HSMS2860), R L =500 ohm at 2.41 GHz. Diode Turn on Conversion efficiency voltage HSMS 150 mV High conversion efficiency at low values of the input 63 2850 power less than 5 dBm HSMS 250 mV High conversion efficiency at the input power levels 2860 higher than 5 dBm
Rectifier with (Open Ended Stub) Matching Circuit Simulation ADS Measurement Comparison between the simulated ADS The rectifier circuit integrated with the and the measured reflection coefficient 64 open ended matching stub reflection variation versus frequency to the rectifier coefficient measurement using the VNA attached to the open ended matching stub and HSMS2850 schottky diode. using HSMS2850 schottky diode.
Rectifier with (Short Ended Stub) Matching Circuit Comparison between the simulation Photo of the fabricated rectifier ADS and measurements for the circuit using HSMS2850 schottky reflection coefficient variation versus diode integrated with the short frequency when the rectifier attached ended matching stub. to the short ended matching stub using HSMS2850 schottky diode. Simulation ADS Measurement 65
Rectifier Circuit Testing 66 13 mV obtained for -20 dBm input power
Rectifier Circuit Testing 67 624 mV obtained for 0 dBm input power
Rectifier Circuit Efficiency Measurement 1. The output DC volt of 13 Simulation mV using -20 dBm RF Measurement input power 2. The output DC volt of 47 mV for -15 dBm RF input mV for -15 dBm RF input power. 3. The output DC volt of 154 mV DC output volt using -10 dBm RF input power. The simulated and measured rectifier conversion efficiency at different RF input 4. The DC output volt power at 2.41 GHz. 68 reaches 624 mV when the . input power is 0 dBm
� Operating frequency bands: The receiving antenna may be operating on the following commercial bands for ambient RF energy harvesting: 0.94 GHz (GSM 900 Downlink: 925 MHz to 960 MHz) 1.84 GHz (GSM 1800 Downlink: 1805 MHz to 1880 MHz) 2.1 GHz (3G UMTS Downlink: 2110 MHz to 2170 MHz) 2.45 GHz (WiFi, IEEE 802.11 b&g: 2.4 GHz to 2.5 GHz) 3.5 GHz (Licensed WiMAX: 3.4 GHz to 3.6 GHz) 5.55 GHz (Unlicensed WiMAX: 5.25 GHz to 5.85 GHz) � Rectenna Specifications: Gain: ─ High gain antennas are preferred if the positions of source and receiving antennas are known. ─ ─ Low gain antennas are preferred if the positions of source and receiving Low gain antennas are preferred if the positions of source and receiving antenna are relatively uncertain in order to collect signals from various directions simultaneously. ─ About 5 dBi gain: single element & conductor on both sides. ─ About 10 dBi gain: 4-elements array & conductor on both sides. ─ About 2 dBi gain: single element & conductor on single side. About 5 dBi gain: 4-elements array & conductor on single side. Polarization: Dual linearly polarized because the incident electromagnetic waves of all polarizations (arbitrary LP, LHCP, and RHCP) can be entirely collected at its two ports (circular polarized antenna is employed to receive linear polarized wave, there 69 will be 3-dB polarization mismatch loss). Weight: Light weight and low profile.
� Substrate materials specifications: ─ Opaque materials: conductivity of about 5x10 7 S/m for the coated conductor & loss tangent of about 0.003 for the substrate material. ─ Transparent materials: suitable for museums and on the window glass since they don't affect the place decorations. Expected lower gains than opaque materials since the conductivity for ITO is 1.3x10 6 S/m and for FTO is 0.0917x106 S/m. � Rectifier Section specifications: Power conversion efficiency: About 30% at Pin of -20 dBm and about 40 % at Pin of -15 dBm at 2.4 About 30% at Pin of -20 dBm and about 40 % at Pin of -15 dBm at 2.4 GHz. Rectifying element: Schottky diode is used because of its low threshold voltage. For input RF power greater than -20 dBm, HSMS 282x diode is used. For the retrieved power less than −30 dBm (1 µW), the low-barrier SMS7630 diode is recommended. High detection sensitivity: Up to 50 mV/µW at 915 MHz. 70 Rectifier topology: Half wave, full wave, and bridge.
System Overview Data Analysis IoT System Energy & Prediction � Sensor node. Harvesting � Collected Data � Actuator System � Relations node. node. � � Operating between data � Gateway. parameters frequency � Wireless � Prediction bands. � Time Series communicati � Antenna. � Classification on. � Substrate � Integration � Power materials. � Fuzzy Logic 71 Management � Rectifier. System Unit.
IoT System: Survey Outlines IoT System: Survey Outlines � IoT-based Ambient Monitoring in Smart Buildings • Ambient Monitoring and Control. • Occupancy Monitoring. � IoT Applications in Museums and Heritage Buildings • Environmental Parameters Monitoring and Control. • Interactive Museums. • Historic Buildings Health Monitoring. • Museum and Artifacts Security. � IoT Wireless Communication Protocols. 72 � Proposed IoT System.
IoT IoT-based Ambient Monitoring in Smart Buildings: based Ambient Monitoring in Smart Buildings: 1- -Ambient Monitoring Ambient Monitoring � Indoor Air Quality: [Saad2013], [wu2017]. � Monitored parameters: • Gaseous pollutants (CO, CO2, methane, …). • Particulate Matter (dust). • • Temperature. Temperature. • Relative humidity � Building automation purposes: [Shah2016] � Monitored parameters: • Temperature. • Relative humidity. 73 • Light
IoT IoT-based Ambient Monitoring in Smart Buildings: based Ambient Monitoring in Smart Buildings: 2- - Occupancy Monitoring Occupancy Monitoring � Occupancy monitoring purposes:[Kleiminger2015] • Security issues (intruder detection) • Economical and environmental issues (occupancy-driven lighting, heating,….) � Using: � Using: • Passive infrared (PIR) detectors (low accuracy) [Kleiminger2015] [Agarwal2010]. • Camera (privacy, cost, power) [Teixeira 2008]. • CO2-based occupancy detection (low accuracy) [Gruber2014]. • Ultrasonic array sensor [Caicedo2012] . 74 Electricity meters [Santini2015]. •
IoT System: Survey Outlines IoT System: Survey Outlines � IoT-based Ambient Monitoring in Smart Buildings • Ambient Monitoring and Control. • Occupancy Monitoring. � IoT Applications in Museums and Heritage Buildings • Environmental Parameters Monitoring and Control. • Interactive Museums. • Historic Buildings Health Monitoring. • Museum and Artifacts Security. � IoT Wireless Communication Protocols. 75 � Proposed IoT System.
IoT Applications in Museums and Heritage Buildings : IoT Applications in Museums and Heritage Buildings : 1- - Environmental Parameters Monitoring Environmental Parameters Monitoring � Environmental parameters: [Camuffo2001][Gennusa2008] [Brito2008, Pestana2008a, Peralta2009, Peralta2010, Peralta2010a Peralta2013] [Chianese2014] [Zonta2010] [Xiao2016] [Aderohunmu2014] [Viani2014] [Viani2012] [Shah2016a]….. • Relative Humidity • Temperature • Light • Pollutants (CO, CO2) 76
IoT Applications in Museums and Heritage Buildings : IoT Applications in Museums and Heritage Buildings : 2- - Interactive Museums Interactive Museums Example: [Chianese2014], [Chianese2014a], [Alletto2016] IoT based Interactive Museum, [Chianese2014], [Chianese2014a]. 77
IoT Applications in Museums and Heritage Buildings : IoT Applications in Museums and Heritage Buildings : 3- - Historic Buildings Health Historic Buildings Health Example: [Zonta2010], [Ceriotti2009] • FOS node • Acceleration node • Environmental node Accelerometer node Accelerometer node • Sink node Environmental node FOS node A historic tower structure monitoring, [Zonta2010][Ceriotti2009]. 78
IoT Applications in Museums and Heritage Buildings : IoT Applications in Museums and Heritage Buildings : 4- - Museum Security Museum Security Example: [Viani2012], [Xiao2016] • Purpose: Early warning! • Video: Detection of replacement or unexpected movement • • Vibration sensor: To detect the touch. Vibration sensor: To detect the touch. 79 A Museum or an exhibition security monitoring, [Viani2012].
IoT System: Survey Outlines IoT System: Survey Outlines � IoT-based Ambient Monitoring in Smart Buildings • Ambient Monitoring and Control. • Occupancy Monitoring. � IoT Applications in Museums and Heritage Buildings • Environmental Parameters Monitoring and Control. • Interactive Museums. • Historic Buildings Health Monitoring. • Museum and Artifacts Security. � IoT Wireless Communication Protocols. 80 � Proposed IoT System.
IoT Wireless Communication Protocols: IoT Wireless Communication Protocols: For indoor app. Wireless IoT connectivity technologies,[Mahmoud2016]. 81
IoT Wireless Communication Protocols: IoT Wireless Communication Protocols: Suitable for indoor IoT applications Bluetooth ZigBee Wi-Fi Cellular Z-Wave Z-Wave Thread Thread NFC SigFox Neul LoRaWAN ……… 82
IoT Wireless Communication Protocols: IoT Wireless Communication Protocols: A Comparative Study A Comparative Study ZigBee 3.0 BLE* Z-Wave Thread Wi-Fi GPRS ZAD12837 / ITU-T IEEE 802.15.4 and Standard IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 802.15.1 IEEE 802.11 GPRS G.9959 6LowPAN Max no. 65000 8 232 250-300 2007 1000 devices Data rate 250 Kbps 1Mbps 9.6-100 kbps 250 Kbps Up to 1Gbps 35-170kps 2.4GHz and 5GHz 2.4GHz and 5GHz 850-900-1800- 850-900-1800- Frequency 2.4GHz (ISM) 2.4GHz (ISM) 916 MHz (ISM) 2.4GHz (ISM) (ISM) 1900MHz Network Star/Mesh Star Star/Mesh Star/Mesh Star/Mesh Star Topology Operating 10-100m 10m 30m 30m 100m 26km range Power Very Low Very Low Very Low Very Low Medium High consumption IP Compatible Yes No No Yes Yes No * The Bluetooth mesh, was announced in July 2017, supports mesh topology and larger number of devices (32000). 83
IoT System: Survey Outlines IoT System: Survey Outlines � IoT-based Ambient Monitoring in Smart Buildings • Ambient Monitoring and Control. • Occupancy Monitoring. � IoT Applications in Museums and Heritage Buildings • Environmental Parameters Monitoring and Control. • Interactive Museums. • Historic Buildings Health Monitoring. • Museum and Artifacts Security. � IoT Wireless Communication Protocols. 84 � Proposed IoT System.
Proposed IoT System Proposed IoT System Sensor Node Sensor Node Host Gateway 85 Actuators Node
Proposed IoT System: Proposed IoT System: 1- Sensor Node Sensor Node Node 1 (EGP) Node 2 (USA) 86
Proposed IoT System: Proposed IoT System: 1- Sensor Node Sensor Node � Sensors • Temperature sensor. • Relative Humidity sensor. • Ambient Light sensor. • • CO,CO2 level sensors. CO,CO2 level sensors. • Vibration sensor. • Passive infrared (PIR) detectors (occupancy). 87
Proposed IoT System: Proposed IoT System: 1- Sensor Node (EGP) Sensor Node (EGP) � Sensors: Specifications Module Type Company Output Voltage I Active I sleep Accuracy Response Humid.±5 Temperature % and Aosong Digital 3.3-6 2.5mA - 2s DHT11 Temp.±2º Humidity C 0.24- 0.24- 3.2-15 µ A 3.2-15 µ A Light Light AMS AG AMS AG Digital Digital 2.7-3.6 2.7-3.6 - - 4s 4s TSL2561 TSL2561 0.6mA MQ-7 CO - Analog 1.2-5 70 mA - ± 3% 90s 110 µ A 1 µ A Accelerometer ST Digital 2.16-3.6 LSM303DLHC 50 µ A HC-SR501 PIR - Digital 4.5-20 65mA - 0.3-5min 88
Proposed IoT System: Proposed IoT System: 1- Sensor Node (USA) Sensor Node (USA) � Sensors: Specifications Module Type Company Output Voltage I Active I sleep Accuracy Response Humid. ± 2 % Temperature and TI Digital 2.7-5.5 1.3 µA 100 nA Temp. ± 0.2º 8s HDC1010 Humidity C 0.25 µ A 0.25 µ A Light Light TI TI Digital Digital 1.6-3.6 1.6-3.6 1.8 µA 1.8 µA ± 15% ± 15% 880ms 880ms OPT3001 OPT3001 ULPSM-CO 968- spec- ± 3 % CO Analog 2.6-3.6 15 µA - 30s sensors 001 CO2, temp, CO2 Meter Analog 3.25 -5.5 1.5mA - ± 3% 10s COZIR (GC-0012) humidity 11 µ A 2 µ A Accelerometer ST Digital 1.71-3.6 - LIS3DH 89 BOOSTXL- 1.7 µ A PIR TI Digital 3.3 <10 µA - 30s TLV8544PIR
Proposed IoT System: Proposed IoT System: 1- Sensor Node (EGP) Sensor Node (EGP) � MCU: Specifications MCU V dd I TX I RX I sleep Bit Rate Company Module MCU Protocol role Tensilica Wi-Fi, ESPRESSIF ESP32 stack +app. 2.7-3.6 190 mA 95 mA 5 µA 72.2Mbps LX6 Bluetooth 90
Proposed IoT System: Proposed IoT System: 1- Sensor Node (USA) Sensor Node (USA) � MCU: Specifications MCU V dd I TX I RX I sleep Bit Rate Company Module MCU Protocol role TEXAS ARM Cortex- ZigBee, BLE, CC2650 stack +app. 1.8-3.8 6.1-9.1mA 5.9 mA 1 µA 2 Mbps INSTRUMENTS M3 …. 91
Proposed IoT System: Proposed IoT System: 2- Actuator Node Actuator Node Wireless MC Air Buzzer LED lamb Dehumidifier Conditioner Fan Actuator Actuator Actuator Actuator Actuator 92
Proposed IoT System: Proposed IoT System: 3- Gateway (EGP) Gateway (EGP) Module Company wireless Ethernet CPU Memory quad- Cortex Raspberry pi 3 Raspberry 802.11n, Bluetooth 4.0 yes 1 GB SDRAM A53@1.2 GHZ 93
Proposed IoT System: Proposed IoT System: 3- Gateway (USA) Gateway (USA) Module Company wireless Ethernet Wi-Fi X2E-Z3C-W1-W Di-Gi ZigBee yes yes 94
Power Management Unit (PMU) 1. The voltage harvested is extremely low in the range of few milli-Volts � This is not enough to power any IC � Proposed Solution: To develop a low-voltage step-up demo kit with rechargeable batteries � This demo kit will boost the input voltage up then it will either supply system or recharge the battery to save extra energy 95
TEGPuck Module 1. Input voltage: 40–400 mV 2. Output Voltage: 3-5 V 3. Max. output Current: 4.2 mA 4. Efficiency: 80% 5. Price: $8 6. Size: 2*2*1 cm 96
Ultralow Voltage Step-Up Converter 1. Chip Used: LTC3108 2. Input voltage: 50–500 mV 3. Output Voltage: 2.35-5 V 4. Max. output Current: 7 mA 5. Price: $18.90 6. Size: 47mm x 42mm 97
Boost Converter 1. Chip Used: 25504 2. Input voltage: 80–330 mV 3. Output Voltage: 2.5-5.25 V 4. Price: $18.85 98
Rechargeable Battery 1. Maximum Output Voltage: 3.2V 2. Battery Capacity: 600 mAh 3. Price: $22.99 99
Battery Charger 1. LiFePO4 Battery Charger Module Protection PCB Board 2. Batteries supply voltage: 3.2V~3.6V 3. Maximum output 2A 4. 5V Micro USB Interface 5. Price: $4.99 6. 3.3 cm x 2 cm 100
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