Empowerment through measurement: local monitoring, science, and conflict management in North Thailand David Thomas World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Chiang Mai, Thailand Pornchai Preechapanya Department of National Parks, Wildlife & Plant Conservation, Ministry of Natural Resources & Environment, Thailand Pornwilai Saipothong World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Chiang Mai, Thailand Thailand Thailand
‘Macro-View’of Forces Driving Land Use Change in North Thailand
Natural Forest Natural Forest Natural Forest Natural Forest Land Use Bef Land Use Bef ore 1960 ore 1960 1960 1960 Land Use 2000 Land Use 2000 2000 2000 Land Use Bef Land Use Bef ore ore Land Use Land Use m.a.s.l. m.a.s.l. Government Policies: Government Policies: Government Policies Government Policies : : Moist Temperate Forest Moist Temperate Forest Moist Temperate Forest Moist Temperate Forest (approx) (approx) • Forest Land Zoning • Forest Land Zoning Forest Land Zoning Forest Land Zoning ( ( (cloud forest (cloud forest cloud forest) cloud forest) ) ) • • 1800 1800 1800 1800 uncultivated uncultivated • Watershed Classification • Watershed Classification Watershed Classification Watershed Classification uncultivated uncultivated • • • Narcotics & Nat • Narcotics & Nat Narcotics & Nat. Narcotics & Nat. . Security . Security Security Security • • 1600 1600 1600 1600 • Stop shifting cultivation • Stop shifting cultivation Stop shifting cultivation Stop shifting cultivation • • Mixtures of: Mixtures of: : : Mixtures of Mixtures of Hill Evergreen Forest Hill Evergreen Forest Hill Evergreen Forest Hill Evergreen Forest “ Pioneer “ Pioneer Pioneer ” Pioneer ” ” Shifting ” Shifting Shifting Shifting Hmong Hmong “ “ & & & & A) A) ) Grasslands ) Grasslands Grasslands Grasslands Lisu Lisu A A Long cultivation <+/- opium> Long cultivation <+/- opium> Coniferous Forest Coniferous Forest Coniferous Forest Coniferous Forest Akha Akha -- very long (abandoned) fallow -- very long (abandoned) fallow w w B ) B ) B B ) Pine reforestation ) Pine reforestation Pine reforestation Pine reforestation etc. etc. C C) C) C ) Intensive commercial vegetables ) Intensive commercial vegetables Intensive commercial vegetables Intensive commercial vegetables 1200 1200 1200 1200 -- cabbage/carrots or high-value -- cabbage/carrots or high-value [ Jungle Tea [ Jungle Tea Jungle Tea agroforest Jungle Tea agroforest agroforest ] agroforest ] ] ] [ [ D) D) ) Temperate ) Temperate Temperate/ Temperate/ /Sub /Sub Sub- Sub- -Topical Fruit Trees -Topical Fruit Trees Topical Fruit Trees Topical Fruit Trees D D Highlands Highlands 1000 1000 1000 1000 A) A) A A ) Shortened ) Shortened Shortened “ Shortened “ “ Rotational “ Rotational Rotational ” Rotational ” ” Shifting ” Shifting Shifting Shifting Rotational ” Rotational ” ” Shifting ” Shifting Shifting Shifting “ Rotational “ Rotational Mixed Mixed Mixed Mixed “ “ -- 3 to 7 year fallow -- 3 to 7 year fallow Deciduous Deciduous Midlands Midlands Deciduous Deciduous 1-2 years cultivation 1-2 years cultivation Karen Karen B) B) B B ) Permanent upland fields ) Permanent upland fields Permanent upland fields Permanent upland fields Forest Forest Forest Forest -- 10+ years fallow -- 10+ years fallow Lua Lua -- crop rotations -- crop rotations Khmu Khmu paddy paddy paddy paddy 600 600 600 600 -- fragmenting land holdings -- fragmenting land holdings Dry Dry Dry Dry Short cultivation Short cultivation Short cultivation Short cultivation A) A) A A ) Continuous field crops ) Continuous field crops Continuous field crops Continuous field crops -- short fallow -- short fallow short fallow short fallow Dipterocarp Dipterocarp Dipterocarp Dipterocarp -- -- Northern Northern Lowlands Lowlands B) B) ) Tree crops ) Tree crops Tree crops Tree crops Forest Forest Forest Forest B B 300 300 Thai Thai 300 300 paddy paddy paddy paddy paddy paddy paddy paddy
Mae Chaem Sub-Basin Sub-Watersheds in different colors Sub-Districts (TAO) Needs & Perceptions L o w Depend on l a n d a b o v “Macro-Landscape” e r e s e r v Position in Larger o i r reservoir Lowland below reservoir River Basins Upper Mountain Slopes Lower Mountain Slopes General tendency; Looking upstream for the source of water- related problems s a e a r a l t s a o C National Park
Major concerns & uncertainties: Major concerns, fears and uncertainties - Decreasing dry season stream flow? Major concerns & uncertainties: Major concerns & uncertainties: - Water pollution from upstream chemical use? leading to tension and conflict - No land use security - No land use security - Increased sedimentation of irrigation structures? - Expansion of protected forest areas in local upland tributary sub-watersheds - Expansion of protected forest areas - Increase chances of flash floods & landslides? - Increasing competition for dry season stream flow? - Policy to end all forms of shifting cultivation - Downstream worries about chemical use - Water pollution from upstream chemical use? - Downstream worries about flash floods & landslides? - Upstream competition for water?
New Basin Management Approach The 25 official river basins Success depends effective Upstream –Downstream and 255 Negotiations official river Conducted in a fair & equitable manner sub-basins Must build on foundation of: - Local sub-watersheds - Local management networks - Local government support
Relationships among local institutions related to natural resource mgt Ministries elected provinc ial & district assemblies Governor Decentralized agency units District TAO Officer elected sub-district administration org Local Watershed Management networks Units of central agencies “Prachakom” Kamnan - MoNRE People’s Organizations - MoAC - Others Agency-induced organizations Village Command Local initiative headman organizations Coordinate Network Cultural / Ethnic groupings Monitor
Combining Science & Local Knowledge to Strengthen Local Institutions & Multi-Level Understanding & Communications Examples presented today: 1. Mapping Community defined land use categories and boundaries 2. Community- based monitoring of watershed services
Mapping Village Views of land use zones Using science-based tools to improve communication and facilitate negotiations for land use security - 7 local sub-watersheds - 125 settlements - 53 admin villages - 1,400 sq km
GI GIS B Base M Map: DEM, River/Stream, Road, Village location, land use maps, etc. Field visits, observation, informal interview and discussion with stakeholders Data into GIS and associated software Prelim elimina inary La Land Pre Prelim iminar ary Vi Village e use ma us map bo bounda dary ma map p Participatory mapping process [GIS team and the communities within the watershed] Data assimilation [GIS techniques] Consultation with the communities and other key stakeholders Village Output Out ut m maps: s: further District office Landuse map, analyses village boundary map, Watershed network and studies infrastructure map, forest types map, etc. Local governance unit
Village protected forest Village settlement Cemetery forest grove Paddy fields Upland crop Subsistence fields use forest
Village protected forest Forest fallow fields Birth forest grove Village settlement Paddy Cemetery fields forest Upland crop Subsistence fields use forest
Paddy fields Village protected Cemetery forest forest grove Subsistence Village use forest settlement Upland crop fields Planted forest
Matching Village Categories with Land Use Monitoring Tools aggregate air photo categories aggregate local categories Forest Areas Planted + Other Planted + other 140 forest plantation 900 forest without further designation 940 government forest plantings 930 village forest rehabilitation areas Community Protected 910 community protected forest Policy – Oriented Forest 911 birth spirit forest groves Matched 100 forest 912 cemetery forest groves 150 disturbed forest 913 other spiritual groves Aggregations of Aggregations Subsistence Use 920 community subsistence use forest Villager – defined of Air Photo 950 community forest 914 'food bank' forest Land Use Zoning Land Use Other Uncultivated Areas Categories Fallow Fallow Categories 321 young fallow 320 regenerating forest fallow areas 322 old fallow Grass Grass 330 grassland areas 330 grassland areas Cultivated Fields Orchards Orchards 242 fruit trees 242 fruit tree gardens and orchards Upland fields Upland fields 220 upland crop fields 220 current cultivated field crop areas 230 upland vegetables 230 specific upland vegetable areas 310 bare soil Paddy fields Paddy fields 210 bunded paddy fields 210 bunded paddy fields Settlement Areas 500 village house areas 500 village 'urban' housing areas Other 700 clouds / unknown 400 areas of mining operations 600 water 600 water
Understanding & Clarifying Historical Land Use Change Mae Raek: Forest fallow shifting cultivation All transformed to Permanent Fields
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