Employment and working conditions of migrant workers; the example of - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Employment and working conditions of migrant workers; the example of the Netherlands WCS Expert seminar on ‘Working conditions and Health and Safety surveys in Europe Irene Houtman, March 19th, 2009

Employment and working conditions of migrant workers: an example of the Netherlands Working Condition Survey Definition(s): • Migrant (EWCO CAR; Eurofound) = a person who migrates from one country to another for any reason and works as employee or self-employed in the country of destination • Migrant (NL, CBS) = a person classified as having a foreign background if at least one of his/her parents is born abroad (categories: Dutch, western, non-western/native; first generation migrant, second generation migrant-one/two parents) Irene Houtman, March 19th, 2009

International availability of data on working conditions of migrant workers (EWCO-CAR) • This info (Eurostat + OECD) is almost entirely lacking in international comparative data, particularly in the new member states • The latter is problematic, since it appears to be mainly the new EU-border countries that experience considerable growth, particularly in migration from outside EU (‘Old’-EU/EU-Centre experiences more migration from within EU/western countries; + second generation migrants). • When data are available, they are much more often available on employment/labour market than on ‘quality of work/working conditions’ Irene Houtman, March 19th, 2009

% van non-nationals in labour force Migrants in economic active UK SE population PT PL NO NL � NL MT LU HU FR % van non-nationals in labour force FI ES EL DK DE CZ CY BE AT EU 0 10 20 30 40 50 Source: Eurostat, 1 st quarter 2006 Irene Houtman, March 19th, 2009

Migrants of EU-25 and non-EU in total population NL � Source: Eurostat, 1st quarter 2006 Irene Houtman, March 19th, 2009

UK Unemployed SK SI (first quarter SE PT 2006) PL (%) NO NL M T LV LU LT Non-EU-25 HU non-nationals from EU-25 FR nationals FI ES EL EE DK DE CZ CY BG BE AT EU-27 Source: Eurostat, 1st quarter 2006 0 10 20 30 40 Irene Houtman, March 19th, 2009

Netherlands Working Conditions Survey (NWCS) • Survey by TNO • ‘Pilot’ in 2003, yearly since 2005 • In cooperation with CBS/Statistics NL and the Dutch Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment • Samples are drawn by CBS: 70.000 employees • Response: 23.000 employees per year • PAPI/CAWI questionnaire (around 200 questions) • Since 2007: separate cohort-study (gross sample: 19.000) with follow-up in 2008 & 2009 Irene Houtman, March 19th, 2009

NWCS-enrichment • Informed consent: brochure • Sampling framework: jobs-register/social security register • Unique number assigned to each person, based on National Insurance Number/Civil Personal Identification Number • Standard enrichment of NWCS micro-data by CBS, using this number: weight-variables ( ethnicity , economic sector, etc) • Further enrichment of NWCS for answering specific research questions, through linkage with Dutch National registers (in Social Statistical Database) Irene Houtman, March 19th, 2009

Nationals versus non-western migrants and western migrants by sector % Nationals Western Non-western background background Total work force 84 8 8 Manufacturing 13.8 14.5 13.5 Construction 6.4 3.4 3.5 Trade 15.1 14.3 15.0 Transport 6.4 7.0 8.2 Private services 14.3 17.6 19.3 Public 8.0 8.4 8.1 Administration Education 7.1 7.5 4.5 14.0 14.5 Health care 16.9 Source: NEA 2007 Irene Houtman, March 19th, 2009

Who are those non-western migrants in NL? Non-western migrants in NL come from: • Suriname 31,7% • Turkey 14,6% • Marocco 12,7% • Antilles, Aruba 10,1% • Rest 30,8% Source: NEA, 2007 Irene Houtman, March 19th, 2009

Highest educational level Nationals Western Non-western background background no finished education 1.2 1.7 5.8 primary education 3.6 3.6 7.2 Lower genral 20.6 16.9 20.5 secondary education Middle/high general 10.5 6.2 6.3 education lower tertiary 34.7 30.2 32 (professional) education higher professional 30.7 35,2 22.7 education + university Irene Houtman, March 19th, 2009

Employment contract % Nationals Western Non-western background background permanent contract 84 80 72 fixed term 11,3 14,7 18,3 contract with temp. empl. 1,7 1.6 5.4 Agency Source: NEA 2007 Irene Houtman, March 19th, 2009

Working time Nationals Western Non-western background background Working hours by contract 31.3 32.1 31.3 (hours/week) Overtime (hours per week) 5.4 5.7 5.1 Long working hours (%> 10 uur 33,3 33,8 35,9 on average) 30.4 Working nights (% frequently) 23,6 26.9 Working weekends (% frequently) 27.3 28.0 33,2 Shift work (% frequently) 11,7 13,1 21.0 Source: NEA 2007 Irene Houtman, March 19th, 2009

Psychosocial factors at work % Nationals Western Non-western background background Work pressure (high) 33.3 36.6 36.2 Autonomy (high) 2.5 2.5 2.3 Emotional load (high) 15.1 15.6 18.2 external undesirable 28.1 28.1 27.8 behaviour (several times/often) Bullying by supervisor 9.3 14.8 18.2 or colleagues (several times/often) Discrimination at work 2.9 3.4 8.5 because of skin colour (yes, often) Irene Houtman, March 19th, 2009

Physical factors at work + computer work (and private) % Nationals Western Non-western background background Heavy work (often) 17,3 14,9 18,1 Lifting & unfavourable 13,5 12,4 16,4 postures (often) long time in unfavourable, 23 24,7 32 twisted posture (often) 52.3 57.7 65.2 repetitive movements arms, hands, wrist (often) Hours/day behind computer 3.6 4.2 3.9 screen (work) Hours/day behind computer 5.8 6.4 7.2 screen (private) Source: NEA 2007 Irene Houtman, March 19th, 2009

Workplace adaptation & training opportunities last year % Nationals Western Non-western background background Resources or furniture 8.2 9.6 7.7 changed (yes) adaptation in working time 5.8 7 6.8 (yes) Training or education (yes) 0.6 0.4 1.8 no adaptation/change 79.8 78.1 76.1 Source: NEA 2007 Irene Houtman, March 19th, 2009

Issues for discussion General conclusion: • Mainly non-western migrants at risk • Western migrants (and 2 nd generation) much less… but Weaknesses of surveys/NEA • Illegal/undeclared work is not taken into account • NEA is only employed • Only employees who read + speak Dutch Sampling/monitor suggestions (recent workshop): • Face to face • Through internet panels (younger than 35) • Specific panels (Surinam, Hindi… etc) • Specific in-depth study (every four years) Irene Houtman, March 19th, 2009

More information: • Contact: Irene.Houtman@tno.nl +31 23 554 99 24 Seth.vandenbossche@tno.nl +31 23 554 95 16 Lando.koppes@tno.nl +31 23 554 95 16 • Website: www.tno.nl/nea www.tno.nl/monitorarbeid Irene Houtman, March 19th, 2009

Similarities and differences regarding (im)migrants in the EU (EWCO-CAR) Not from all countries info available, but…. • Migrants are often male; exceptions: • Bulgaria: 57% female • AU, FI, FR, IT, PO: man-women balance • Elderly are overrepresented; most migrants are 30-59 year of age • Relatively high educated; e.g. in new member states, but also in EU-15 • Diploma’s not accepted (overqualification occurs 2 x in migrants) • Not in all countries..(very much dependent on native country: Turkey –low; Joegoslavia –high) • Second generation often higher educated • Employability in wide variety of sectors, in NL often Industry, Hotels and restaurants, rest group • More often atypical contracts (e.g. because of government policy, seasonal work, employment agencies) Irene Houtman, March 19th, 2009