Effectiveness of wood ash fertilization of forest Arenosols - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Effectiveness of wood ash fertilization of forest Arenosols (Lithuanian case) K ę stutis Armolaitis & Iveta Varnagiryt ė­ Kabašinskien ė Institute of Forestry of Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry (LRCAF), Liepų 1, Girionys, LT‐53101 Kaunas distr., Lithuania LAMMC 12 November 2018

Contents Aboveground biomass of Scots pine: utilization for bioenergy WOOD FOR ENERGY –a contribution to the development of sustainable forest management Wood ash experiment QLK5-CT-2001-00527 WOOD-EN- MAN Recommendations on wood ash recycling to the forest Forest fertilization perspectives LAMMC 2

⦿ The utilisation of biomass fuels requires recycling of the nutrients in sustainable forest management. ⦿ The removal of the nutrients could be compensated by forest fuel or wood ash recycling. The objectives of this presentation - to evaluate the loss of the plant essential macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) and metals / minor elements due to forest fuel extraction in Scots pine stands; - to analyse the possibilities to compensate the removed nutrients by applying wood ash and nitrogen; - to interpret the environmental risks of maximal values of metals recycled with wood ash. LAMMC 3

Above ground biomass of Scots pine: utilization for bioenergy Five Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands of different age (10, 20, 40, 50, and 65 years) were sampled for above-ground biomass (needles, dead and living branches, wood, bark and cones) measurements in April 2003. The forest type - Pinetum vacciniosum , the soils were classified as Haplic Arenosols. Stand characteristics of the experimental plots Tree species Number of Average D at breast Average height, Basal area, Volume, Age, year m 2 ha -1 m 3 ha -1 composition*, % trees per ha height, cm m 10 98P2B 2893 6.8 5.1 10.4 47.6 20 93P6O1B 2000 11.0 8.5 18.9 89.9 40 100P 1498 14.3 14.8 24.0 174.4 50 100P 915 20.7 18.8 30.8 277.6 65 100P 727 23.2 20.9 30.7 305.7 * P - Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris ); B - Birch ( Betulae pendula ); O - oak ( Quercus robur ) LAMMC 4

Above ground biomass of Scots pine: utilization for bioenergy LAMMC 5

Above ground biomass of Scots pine: utilization for bioenergy Removal of above-ground biomass and macronutrients over a 100-year rotation period (thinnings in 30, 50 and 70 years age and sanitary fellings in 80–90-year-old stands) and final clearcut when forest fuel is prepared in Scots pine stands Above- N P K Ca Mg S Type of Biomass*, ground t ha -1 kg ha -1 fellings compartments Thinnings Stem 87.6 78.7±5.4 8.7±0.8 32.0±2.5 81.6±3.9 17.8±1.8 9.5±0.4 and sanitary Branches 14.5 63.0±3.9 7.8±0.7 27.0±1.8 35.9±1.6 9.2±0.5 6.5±0.4 fellings Needles 4.3 56.3±1.4 6.0±0.1 16.0±0.6 11.9±0.6 3.9±0.1 3.8±0.1 In total 106.4 198.0±10.7 22.5±1.6 75.0±4.9 129.4±6.1 30.9±2.4 19.8±0.9 Final Stem 126.0 82.8±4.8 7.7±0.5 36.6±1.5 66.6±1.5 19.7±1.3 8.7±0.4 clearcut (at Branches 20.0 86.7±5.6 10.6±1.0 36.9±2.4 50.6±2.1 12.3±0.8 9.0±0.6 100-year Needles 6.0 77.6±2.9 8.3±0.2 22.1±0.8 16.7±0.5 5.7±0.2 5.7±0.1 age) In total 152.0 247.1±13.3 26.6±1.7 95.6±4.7 133.9±4.1 37.7±2.3 23.4±1.1 All fellings Stem 213.6 161.5±10.2 16.4±1.4 68.6±4.0 148.2±5.3 37.5±3.5 18.2±0.8 per 100-year Branches 34.5 149.7±9.5 18.4±1.7 63.8±4.1 86.5±3.6 21.6±1.3 15.5±1.1 long stand Needles 10.3 133.9±4.3 14.3±0.3 38.1±1.4 28.7±1.1 9.6±0.3 9.6±0.2 rotation In total 258.4 445.1±24.0 49.1±3.4 170.5±9.5 263.4±10.0 68.7±5.1 43.3±0.4 LAMMC 6

Above ground biomass of Scots pine: utilization for bioenergy Comparison of organic C and nutrient losses due to the forest fuel extraction in Scots pine stands during a 100-year-long rotation period with sandy soil ( Haplic Arenosols ) nutrient pools, and influxes with needle litterfall and atmospheric deposition C N P K Ca Mg S Mg ha -1 ------------------------ kg ha -1 -------------------- Pools Organic layer 15 523 29 31 167 30 50 Mineral soil (0-100 cm) 44 2283 3308 8366 3915 7581 607 Net accumulation during a 100-years 129 445 49 170 263 69 43 stand rotation (stem + crown) Mg ha -1 yr -1 ---------------------- kg ha -1 yr -1 ----------------- In- and output fluxes Annual influxes with atmospheric - 6-11 0.8 8-16 3-4 1.4 4-6 deposition Average annual removals with stem + 1.3 4.45 0.49 1.70 2.63 0.69 0.43 crown Average annual removals due to forest 0.2 2.84 0.32 1.02 1.15 0.31 0.25 energy extraction alone (crown biomass) Internal fluxes Annual return with needle litterfall 1.3 27.2 2.5 4.6 9.6 2.1 1.8 LAMMC 7 Armolaitis K., Varnagiryt ė -Kabašinskien ė I., Stupak I., Mikšys V., Kukkola M., Wójcik J. 2013. Carbon and nutrients of Scots pine stands on sandy soils in Lithuania in relation to bioenergy sustainability. Biomass&Bioenergy 54: 250–259.

Wood ash experiment: design and plot installations The recycling of wood ash in Lithuanian forests was studied in Scots pine stands growing on sandy soils ( Haplic Arenosols ) in SW Lithuania ( typical Scots pine stands of Lithuania ). Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Treatment Treatment Treatment Treatment Treatment Treatment Description Description Description Description Description Description N K K K K K K Control Control Control Control Control Control No treatment No treatment No treatment No treatment No treatment No treatment 4-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 4-4 1 1 1 1 1 1 Low dose of ash Low dose of ash Low dose of ash Low dose of ash Low dose of ash Low dose of ash Raw ash – 1.25 t ha Raw ash – 1.25 t ha Raw ash – 1.25 t ha Raw ash – 1.25 t ha Raw ash – 1.25 t ha Raw ash – 1.25 t ha -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 2 2 2 2 2 2 Average dose of ash Average dose of ash Average dose of ash Average dose of ash Average dose of ash Average dose of ash Raw ash – 2.5 t ha Raw ash – 2.5 t ha Raw ash – 2.5 t ha Raw ash – 2.5 t ha Raw ash – 2.5 t ha Raw ash – 2.5 t ha 4-2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 3 3 3 3 3 3 High dose of ash High dose of ash High dose of ash High dose of ash High dose of ash High dose of ash Raw ash – 5.0 t ha Raw ash – 5.0 t ha Raw ash – 5.0 t ha Raw ash – 5.0 t ha Raw ash – 5.0 t ha Raw ash – 5.0 t ha 4-5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Fertilised by nitrogen Fertilised by nitrogen Fertilised by nitrogen 180 kg N ha -1 180 kg N ha -1 180 kg N ha -1 4-3 - K Ash + N fertilisers Ash + N fertilisers Average dose of ash + 180 kg N ha -1 Average dose of ash + 180 kg N ha -1 Average dose of ash + 180 kg N ha -1 5 5 5 5 5 5 Fertilised by nitrogen Fertilised by nitrogen Ash + N fertilisers Ash + N fertilisers 3-3 3-3 3-1 3-4 3-4 2-5 2-5 2-2 2-3 1-4 Duration – 2002–2005 3-2 3-2 2-4 3-K 3-5 3-5 2-1 2-1 2-K The area of site – 3.2 ha 1-5 1-5 1-1 1-1 24 plots (25x20 m) grouped into 4 blocks 6 treatments 1-K 1-K 1-2 1-2 1-3 Field experiment design (“Wood-En-Man”, Lithuania, 2002) LAMMC 8

Wood ash experiment: design and plot installations 1 4 3 2 5 Wood ash and N fertilisers application process - field experiment (“Wood-En-Man”, June, 2002): installation of tension lysimeters; 1 preparation; 2-3 spreading wood ash and N fertilisers; 4 litterfall collectors 5 LAMMC 9

O layer (OL, OF and OH horizons) and mineral topsoil After 5 months, October of 2002 After 2 years, September of 2004 8.0 8.0 Forest litter Forest litter b 7.0 b 7.0 pH CaCl2 pH CaCl2 6.0 6.0 c c 5.0 5.0 a a a a 4.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 Control 5.0 2.5+180 kg N 180 kg N Control 5.0 2.5+180 kg N 180 kg N Wood ash doses, t ha -1 Wood ash doses, t ha -1 0-5 cm mineral layer 8.0 0-5 cm mineral layer 8.0 7.0 7.0 pH CaCl2 6.0 pH CaCl2 6.0 a a a a a 5.0 a a a 5.0 4.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 Control 5.0 2.5+180 kg N 180 kg N Control 5.0 2.5+180 kg N 180 kg N Wood ash doses, t ha -1 Wood ash doses, t ha -1 Effects of the wood ash and N fertilizers on average pH CaCl2 of the O horizon and the 0-5 cm layer of the mineral soil 3 months and 25 months after application. LAMMC 10

O layer (OL, OF and OH horizons) and mineral topsoil Total concentrations of some macronutrients in O layer (forest litter) 3 months and 2 years after the application of wood ash and N fertilizers N P K Ca Mg Variant of experiment g kg -1 2002 (3 months) a Control 12.02±0.15 0.64±0.06 2.90±0.24 4.10±0.16 0.66±0.06 5 t ash ha -1 9.45±0.58* 1.10±0.02* 7.40±0.58* 28.88±1.68* 4.15±0.36* 180 kg N ha -1 11.91±0.55 0.66±0.04 2.18±0.11 4.60±0.71 0.62±0.07 (2.5 t ash+180 kg N) ha -1 10.62±0.55 0.90±0.12* 4.78±0.35* 14.55±1.98* 1.96±0.17* 2004 (2 years) Control 12.73±0.13 0.81±0.03 0.66±0.02 3.50±0.60 0.48±0.06 5 t ash ha -1 9.40±0.55* 1.11±0.12* 1.80±0.20* 15.90±1.29* 1.67±0.13* 180 kg N ha -1 11.67±1.60 0.70±0.11 0.53±0.07 2.93±0.93 0.43±0.11 (2.5 t ash+180 kg N) ha -1 11.07±0.61 0.89±0.02* 0.99±0.06* 9.30±0.68* 1.01±0.11* * Significant difference from the control at significance level p <0.05 a The data for comparison are taken from Ozolincius et al ., 2005. LAMMC 11