Slide 1 / 192 Slide 2 / 192 Ecology Slide 3 / 192 Slide 4 / 192 Vocabulary Vocabulary Click on each word below to go to the definition. Click on each word below to go to the definition. abiotic competition habitat pioneer species autotroph conservation herbivore precipitation consumer predation biodiversity heterotroph decomposer producer biome invasive species detritivore renewable resource bioplastic limiting nutrient biosphere ecological succession logistic growth runoff ecology symbiosis biotic monoculture carnivore ecosystem mutualism transpiration carrying capacity evaporation niche exponential growth climate nitrogen fixation climax community food chain nonrenewable resource commensalism food web omnivore community greenhouse effect parasitism Slide 5 / 192 Slide 6 / 192 Table of Contents Click on the topic to go to that section Intro to Ecology Intro to Ecology · Population Ecology · Community Ecology · Nutrient Cycles · Conservation Biology · Return to Table of Contents
Slide 7 / 192 Slide 8 / 192 Ecology Ecology Acacia ants have a unique relationship with the Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms Acacia tree in which they live. and their environment. This squirrelfish is being cleaned by a Click the picture to cleaner wrasse. Cleaner wrasse are small watch a video about fish that eat parasites and debris off of larger Acacia ants. fish. An ecologist would see this and think: Does this harm or benefit the squirrelfish? · Think like an ecologist. Does this behavior lead to higher survival for the cleaner wrasse? · What questions do you have about this behavior? Do cleaner wrasse compete for host fish? · How does this behavior affect predation of the cleaner wrasse? · Slide 9 / 192 Slide 10 / 192 Levels of Biological Organization Levels of Biological Organization Cell Tissue Organ Organism Population Community Organism So far, you have studied how cells, tissues and organs interact to create an organism. Ecology studies how organisms interact with other organisms and variables in their environments. Biosphere Ecosystem Biome Slide 11 / 192 Slide 12 / 192 Population Community A population is a group of individuals that live in the same A community is composed of all the different populations of area, can interbreed, and share the same gene pool. species that live in a given area. Evolution occurs at a population level. Individual Organisms within a community interact organisms cannot evolve. with each other ways that can be both Formation of new species beneficial and harmful. happens as individuals within a population undergo changes Competition for resources between in genotype and phenotype. members of a community is one factor that shapes evolution by natural selection.
Slide 13 / 192 Slide 14 / 192 Biomes Ecosystem A biome is a group of ecosystems that have similar climates, An ecosystem includes all of the living and nonliving factors that animals and plants. exist in a community. There are both terrestrial and marine biomes. Coral reefs exist in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. However, all reefs are found in shallow, nutrient-rich waters and are inhabited by similar organisms. Slide 15 / 192 Slide 16 / 192 Marine Biomes Terrestrial Biomes Temperate Temperate Desert Rainforest Grasslands Marine Forest Freshwater Freshwater Wetlands Alpine Taiga Savannah Tundra Chaparral Coral Reefs Estuaries Slide 17 / 192 Slide 18 / 192 Levels of Biological Organization Biosphere The biosphere is the portion of Earth in which all life exists. a group of organisms that belong to the This includes the land, water, and air. same species and live in the same area. all of the organisms that live in a given area and their physical environment. different populations that live in the same area. the portion of Earth that contains all ecosystems. a group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar communities. Community Biome Biosphere Population Ecosystem
Slide 19 / 192 Slide 20 / 192 1 Which of the following levels of biological organization includes all of the others? A Community Population Ecology B Ecosystem Factors · C Organism Habitats & Niches · D Population Population Growth · Click on the topic to go to that section Return to Table of Contents Slide 21 / 192 Slide 22 / 192 Factors Population Ecology Populations are affected negatively and positively by a variety Population ecology studies the interactions between a population of factors in their environment. and its environment. The saguaro cactus are desert plants with adaptations The water-holding frog of Australia that enable it to live in dry conditions. They have one burrows into the ground during the dry large taproot that extends into the ground with small, season. It surrounds itself with a water- shallow roots that quickly absorb any water that falls. tight mucus secretion that acts as a Spines help to channel water, redirect the wind, protect cocoon. When it rains, the frog emerges the cactus from animals, and insulate the cactus. to lay eggs. The eggs hatch and the Some animals, such as pack rats, eat the cactus. Other tadpoles develop quickly before the animals, such as bats, eat the fruit of the cactus, aiding puddle disappears. in pollination and dispersal of seeds. What types of factors affect the water-holding frog? Name one positive factor and one negative factor that affects the saguaro. Slide 23 / 192 Slide 24 / 192 Factors Factors Abiotic factors are physical, nonliving factors that shape an ecosystem. · Plants Biotic factors are the living things that · Animals make up an ecosystem. · Fungi · Sunlight · Bacteria · Precipitation · Temperature · Wind Temperature Wind · Soil type · Nutrient availability Nutrients Soil
Slide 25 / 192 Slide 26 / 192 2 All of the following are abiotic factors except: Factors Let's revisit the saguaro cactus... A microorganisms The saguaro cactus are desert plants with have adaptations that enable it to live in dry conditions. They B pH have one large taproot that extends into the ground with small, shallow roots that quickly absorb any water C temperature that falls. Spines help to channel water, redirect the wind, protect D nutrients the cactus from animals, and insulate the cactus. Some animals, such as pack rats, eat the cactus. Other animals, such as bats, eat the fruit of the cactus, aiding in pollination and dispersal of seeds. List two abiotic and two biotic factors that affect the saguaro cactus. Slide 27 / 192 Slide 28 / 192 3 Which of the following levels of biological organization 4 Sea turtles undergo temperature-dependent sex includes both abiotic and biotic factors? determination. The prevailing temperature during embryonic development determines the sex of the turtle. Warm temperatures result in females while cooler A Species temperatures result in males. What type of factor influences the sex of sea turtles? B Population A Biotic C Community B Abiotic D Ecosystem Slide 29 / 192 Slide 30 / 192 Habitat Ecological Niches The term habitat describes the specific area - including biotic and An organism's niche is a description of the role it plays in its habitat. abiotic factors - where an organism lives within an ecosystem. A niche includes all aspects of where and how an organism lives including: * the type of food it eats * how it obtains food * where it lives in its environment (tree, nest, hive, etc.) * when and how it reproduces A habitat is like an organism's home within an ecosystem.
Slide 31 / 192 Slide 32 / 192 Ecological Niches Ecological Niches A population's habitat answers the question "Where do you live?". A population's niche answers the question "How do you make a living?". Komodo Dragon Niche Click this picture to watch a video about niches in the Komodo dragons live in the Indonesian Islands. They hunt and North African river plains. ambush invertebrates, birds and mammals. They lay up to 20 eggs at a time in self-dug holes. The eggs incubate for eight months. Komodo dragons take nine years to mature and can live up to 30 years. Slide 33 / 192 Slide 34 / 192 5 American green tree frogs live in the southeastern United Ecological Niches States near bodies of water that have plentiful vegetation. This is the frog's ______. No two species can occupy the same niche in the same environment at the same time. If this occurs, competition for resources will displace one of the species. A Habitat The figure below shows three different species of warblers that have established different niches in the same tree. B Niche Slide 35 / 192 Slide 36 / 192 6 Hyenas are carnivorous mammals that live in Africa. They Population Growth live in clans that are led by females. Hyenas are successful at both hunting and scavenging food. This Ecologists are interested in how populations change. Population growth is dependent on describes a hyena's ____. the number of births · the number of deaths · A Habitat the number of individuals who enter or leave the population. · B Niche Entering Leaving
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