Don´t drink and walk (?) Christine Chaloupka-Risser Factum OG, Vienna ICTCT Stellenbosch 2013
Contents • Drinking habits as expression of lifestyle and personal mood • Pedestrian needs • Drunk walking – a traffic safety problem? • Problem solving by: – Infrastructural conditions of transportation – Possibilities of campaigning according to the transtheoretical model of Prochaska & DiClemente – Examples for communication related to different stages of the model ICTCT Stellenbosch 2013
Human needs “ERG”-Theory Alderfer • Existence needs: physiological and safety needs (such as hunger, thirst and sex; Maslow's first two levels) • Relatedness needs: social and external esteem (involvement with family, friends, co-workers and employers; Maslow's third and fourth levels) • Growth needs: internal esteem and self actualization (desires to be creative, productive and to complete meaningful tasks; Maslow's fourth and fifth levels) ICTCT Stellenbosch 2013
Pedestrian needs - indicators Hakamies-Blomqvist & Jutila • social values and motives (contacts, relationships, transactions) • health aspects • comfort ("easy to walk") • weather protection (against rain, sun, snow, wind) • safety preconditions (reflecting most of all the feeling of safety) • spontaneous mobility • aesthetics • interoperability/useability � ERG elements are represented ICTCT Stellenbosch 2013
Consuming alcohol as a cultural element • Part of human civilization for thousands of years, linked with connotations of pleasure and sociability but its use also has harmful consequences • How we learn to drink and continue to drink • is determined most by the drinking we observe, the attitudes about drinking we pick up, and the people we drink with • is an aspect of culture modelled by a combination of example, rewards, punishments Heath, D.B., ed., International Handbook on Alcohol and Culture, Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, 1995, p. 334 ICTCT Stellenbosch 2013
Actual lifestyle related to alcoholic beverages Getting drunk – a new kind of lifestyle among youth? Combination of factors: Youth, binge drinking, alcopops, easy to get Globally, 320 000 young people aged 15-29 years die annually, from alcohol-related causes, resulting in 9% of all deaths in that age group. This age loses most of their potential lifetime than other age groups.The frequency of drunkenness among the young is greater than that of their elders (WHO, 2011) •Heavy episodic drinking Table 1. Prevalence of weekly heavy episodic drinking among drinkers in the past 12 months by sex, WHO region and the world, 2005 (WHO, 2011) WHO region Women (%) Men (%) Total (%) AFR 16.2 30.5 25.1 EUR 4.6 16.8 11.0 World 4.2 16.11 1.5 ICTCT Stellenbosch 2013
Importance for road safety? Table 2. % road traffic deaths involving alcohol (incl. pedestrians, WHO, 2011) ZA Austria Slovakia Poland Germany Sweden France 55% 6% 8% 9% 11% 22% 31% Pedestrians •In US January 1 (New Year’s Day) has more pedestrian crash deaths on average, & the fifth largest number of deaths per day overall, also due to alcohol impairment (Farmer & Williams 2011) •In US pedestrians who have been drinking run an even higher risk of getting killed in traffic, constituting between 39 % and 60 % of all pedestrian fatalities (Millar, 1998) •In Germany within 15 % of killed pedestrians alcohol has been cause of the accident (2010) ICTCT Stellenbosch 2013
Reasons for pedestrian accidents Oxley et al. (2006, AUS): very little research based evidence detailing the effect of alcohol on specific skills required to cross roads safely • Personal reasons : •Deterioration of perceptual, cognitive, and physical skills (including detecting vehicles in motion, integrating multiple sources of information, and initiating actions) •indifference to one’s own survival • Situational reasons : •when it is dangerous for other reasons (darkness; high speed traffic) •BAC > 0.7 % o acceptance of a gap of only 1 second •McLean et al. (1979, AUS): four out of five pedestrians (BAC > 0.1 % o ) noticed the headlights of an approaching car, but then mistakenly attempted to cross ICTCT Stellenbosch 2013
Countermeasures Infrastructure (e.g. Australia) ? Simplify the crossing task for intoxicated pedestrians by: • providing medians or pedestrian refuges • providing well-maintained lane line markings to strengthen driver lane discipline During periods of high crash risk: • displaying red to all vehicle directions when there is zero traffic demand During high crash risk times, encourage greater pedestrian use of signals by: • providing highly responsive pedestrian-operated signals • automatically introducing pedestrian phases every cycle ICTCT Stellenbosch 2013
Countermeasures Campaining / training Friends don't let friends walk drunk ICTCT Stellenbosch 2013
Focus on young people and their value-system in daily life • Understand why (young) people find it difficult to improve their lifestyle (bio-psycho-social model) • Win over resistance towards change Choose the right intervention to motivate change � � � � • different stages of change ICTCT Stellenbosch 2013
Understanding why? P P B Soc Bio-psycho-social model • According to the ERG theory: if a higher level need remains unfulfilled � regression to lower level needs that appear easier to satisfy. – E.g.: if growth opportunities are not provided to employees, they may regress to relatedness needs, and socialize more with co-workers, if this does not work � relax with help of alcohol • Drinking and eating – our primary need (pleasure) which automatically regulates behaviour • If lifestyle is based on consum and pursuit of passive pleasure � binge drinking as a consequence ICTCT Stellenbosch 2013
Breaking resistances Elements reducing willingness to change • Unpleasant sensations • Forced to exercise/be on a diet • Relapsing into old habits Elements towards change • Relationship by means of an empathic and non-judgemental style • Thorough understanding of the situation (how does the person feel about it ?) • Allow the person to get in touch with personal and environmental resources (opportunities as friends, clubs, fitness groups, church…) in order to improve his/her ability to face the difficult situation ICTCT Stellenbosch 2013
Choose the right intervention to motivate change � different stages of change 3. Increase Increase the the availability availability to to change change (2/5) (2/5) 3. Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of Prochaska & DiClemente (1989) Provide feasible opportunities Help to make choices Keep the changes made Understanding ambivalence Action Determination Examine Pros and Cons Definitive Upkeeping Contemplation way out Relapse Precontemplation Prevent relapses Favoring therapy Keep in touch Evoke awareness and doubts Spiller, V. et all. 1998 Provide information ICTCT Stellenbosch 2013
Stage of Precontemplation 3. Increase 3. Increase the the availability availability to to change change (2/5) (2/5) …. Provide feasible opportunities Help to make choices Keep the changes made Understanding ambivalence Action Determination Examine Pros and Cons Intervention strategy: Definitive Upkeeping Contemplation way out Relapse Precontemplation Prevent relapses Favoring therapy Keep in touch Evoke awareness and doubts Spiller, V. et all. 1998 Provide information 1. Foster a good relationship 2. Evoke awareness and concerns 3. Give information about social, physical and psychological consequences, e.g – biochemical effects on cells and organs in the body – intoxication, and/or – Alcohol dependance and social consequences ICTCT Stellenbosch 2013
Stage of Determination 3. Increase 3. Increase the the availability availability to to change change (2/5) (2/5) …. Provide feasible opportunities Help to make choices Keep the changes made Understanding ambivalence Action Determination Examine Pros and Cons Intervention strategy: Definitive Upkeeping Contemplation way out Relapse Precontemplation Prevent relapses • Help to set targets and to determine the choices Favoring therapy Keep in touch Evoke awareness and doubts Spiller, V. et all. 1998 Provide information • Develop strategies for overcoming obstacles • Modelling sustainable opportunities Slow down your speed of drinking • Know how much one have drunk • Don't mix drinks Distract yourself • Occupy yourself • Drink for taste • Change your drink Look after yourself • Learn to refuse a drink • Days of rest – without alcohol ICTCT Stellenbosch 2013
Conclusion • Policies need to take into account specific situations in different societies • It is up to both governments and concerned citizens to encourage debate and formulate effective public health policies regarding alcohol consumption as well as safety for pedestrians ICTCT Stellenbosch 2013
Let´s walk and drink safely! Thank you for your attention! christine.chaloupka@factum.at ICTCT Stellenbosch 2013
Recommend
More recommend
