Dominant Species Embedded Information Technology Embedded = most - PDF document

Dominant Species Embedded Information Technology � Embedded = most processors! Systems � 300 million PC and server Jakob Engblom � 9000 million embedded Adj. Lektor, IT-inst Business Development Manager, Virtutech "Embedded" 98% "Desktop" 2% Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se Real-Time Systems Computer Perspective Information Technology Information Technology � Embedded and Real-Time � “A computer that doesn’t � Synonymous? look like a computer” � Most embedded � Interacts with world embedded embedded systems are � Primitive or no user interface real-time embedded embedded � Part of other products � Most real-time real- -time time real systems are embedded real- real -time time Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se Embedded Systems Electronics Perspective Information Technology Information Technology � Single purpose products � A product that contains a programmable � Not general purpose like desktop PCs processor � Do one thing very efficiently � Software programming � Computer architecture is part of the design of � Tailor for a particular application niche the product � System applications known � Can select ”optimal” device � Specialization & workload knowledge! Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Processors Embedded Systems Information Technology Information Technology � 32 & 64-bit � Software very important: � Old desktop & server chips � Gives character to product � New desktop & server chips � Used to differentiate inside a “platform” � Embedded-specific designs � Can be changed late � 30 to 3000 MHz � Many vendors use same HW � About 1.5G units/year � Processor cheaper than special HW � Many more than PC & server market � Replace relays with small processor! � ARM sells 1.2G units in 2004! � Dominates HW development cost Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se Processors Processors Information Technology Information Technology � DSP: Digital Signal Processor � 4-bit: � Specialized for signal processing � Very simple & slow � Poor at general computing/control code � 1970s pocket calculators � Poor interrupt handling � 8-bit: � High performance on DSP tasks � Simple, slow, low-power � Low power, Low price � Immensely popular (4 G/year) • compared to regular processors of same capability � Early 1980s � Up to 1GHz clocks home computers Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se Where is the Money? Processors Information Technology Information Technology � Processors: � 16-bit 100% � 50% of all DSP DSP � More power than 8-bit semiconductor revenue 90% 4-bit 4-bit � Explains why everyone 80% 8-bit � Mid-1980s home wants to do processors 70% 16-bit computers � 32-bit dominant 60% � 30% of total � Very popular: 1.5G/year 50% 8-bit semiconductors 40% � PC processors: � Threatened from the 32-bit processors 32-bit 30% � 50% of CPU revenue 20% � 15% of total 16-bit semiconductors 10% 32-bit � AMD and Intel share it 0% Units Money Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Devices: Timers Integration Information Technology Information Technology RAM � Timers � A single chip: (small) ROM � Trigger interrupts � CPU Core (big) CPU � Keep track of real-world � Integrated memory Core � Fuel injection & spark timing � Integrated peripherals UART LCD D Timer A/D � Pulse-Width Modulation � Integrated services � Watchdogs � Goal: Outside World � Time out if not tickled � System on one chip � Watch that a system is alive � No external HW � Fit application “perfectly” Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se Devices: Others Devices: I/O Information Technology Information Technology � Interface with the world � Graphics � LCD drivers � Digital inputs & outputs � Graphics acceleration � 0/1 signals, like alarms & interrupts � Camera drivers � Drive high/low outputs � Video & image codecs in hardware � Analog inputs & outputs � Buses � Analog/Digital conversion � On-chip between devices: � Digital/Analog conversion � AMBA, OcEAN, CoreConnect � Make signals digital, process, convert back � Off-chip: to analog signals � PCI, HyperTransport, RapidIO, i2c, DDR Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se Trends Devices: Communication Information Technology Information Technology � Communications � Software dominates development � Standard networks � Hardware used to dominate � Ethernet, ATM, Sonet � Software is now up to 85% of effort � Built for speed � Even when product is “full custom” � Control networks � CAN, Profibus, 1553 � Especially in telecomm & datacomm � Built for predictability & efficiency � Hardware is “under control” � Radio networks � Increasing use of standard components � WLAN, Zigbee, Bluetooth, DECT, GSM, ... � Serial ports � Functionality moves to software � USB, FireWire Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Smart Beer Glass Trends Information Technology Information Technology Capacitive sensor Capacitive sensor � Talk by Lars Philipsson, LTH, 2004 for fluid level for fluid level � What is the future of electrical 8-bit, 8-pin 8-bit, 8-pin engineering in Sweden? PIC processor PIC processor � Answer: Contactless Contactless transmission of transmission of Inductive coil for RF Inductive coil for RF � Software work power and power and ID activation & power ID activation & power readings readings � Software replacing logic design CPU and reading coil in the � Some analog design work table. Reports the level of fluid in � Circuit-board design, high-speed circuits the glass, alerts servers when � Measuring technology close to empty Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se Smart Beer Glass Trends Information Technology Information Technology � Non-stop miniaturization and � Typical embedded solution integration of computers � Integrates several technologies: � From one processor in a fridge � Radio transmissions � To thousands of processors on a chip � Sensor technology � Steady trend over time � Magnetic inductance for power � One chip = one system � Computer used for calibration � Processors, memories, electronics � Impossible without the computer � Can be 100s of processors � “SoC”: System-on-a-Chip � Meaningless without the electronics Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se Pedometer Information Technology Examples � Obvious computer work: � Count steps � Keep time Some embedded � Averages systems from � etc. real life � Real computer task: � Sensor feels motion of device, not of user feet � Identify when a step is 8-bit processor, 8-bit processor, actually taken runs forever on runs forever on a single battery a single battery Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se