Do Babies Matter: Redefining Gender Equity in the Academy Mary Ann - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Do Babies Matter: Redefining Gender Equity in the Academy Mary Ann Mason & Marc Goulden University of California Nick Wolfinger University of Utah Presented by Marc Goulden at PAESMEM conference at Stanford, June 22, 2004

Problems in the Pipeline to Tenure Assessing Family Formation Effects on the Tenure Rates of Men and Women PhDs

Survey of Doctorate Recipients (SDR) • A national biennial longitudinal data set of PhD recipients’ post-degree employment experiences funded by the National Science Foundation and others, 1973 to present (NEH funded the Humanities 1977 to 1995). • Includes roughly a 10% sub-sample of PhD recipients drawn from the Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED) each year and individuals are resurveyed until they reach age 76, leave the country, or refuse to participate (over 160,000 individuals have participated). • Response data is weighted based on sampling design and reweighted each survey cycle based on attrition (e.g. gender, ethnicity) to reflect US PhD population. • Starting in 1979 and 1981, respondents were asked about their marital status (1979) and the number of children (1981) living in their household (under 6, 6-18, etc.). • Arguably the best employment dataset in the country.

Leaks in the Pipeline to Tenure* PhD Entering a Tenure Achieving Receipt Track Position Tenure Postdoc Years Women PhDs Water Level Women PhDs Water Level Married Women, Women Child under 6 (20% less likely (50% less likely to enter a Ten. Track to Achieve tenure Pos. than Married Men, than Men) Child under 6) *Results are based on discrete-time event history analysis of the Survey of Doctorate Recipients (a national biennial longitudinal data set funded by the National Science Foundation and others, 1979 to 1995) in the Sciences, Social Sciences, and Humanities. The analysis takes into account broad disciplinary differences, age, ethnicity, PhD calendar year, time-to-PhD degree, and National Research Council academic reputation rankings of PhD program effects. For each event (PhD to TT job procurement, or TT job to Tenure), data is limited to a maximum of 16 years. The waterline is an artistic rendering of the statistical effects of family and gender. Note: The use of NSF Data does not imply the endorsement of research methods or conclusions contained in this report.

Leaks in the Pipeline: PhD to Tenure Track Position Married Women, Child under 6 Married Men, Child under 6 Married Women, No Child under 6 Single Women, No Child under 6 16% For each year after the PhD, Married Men Expected Probability of Entering a Ten. Track Job 14% with Children under 6 are 50% more likely to enter a tenure track position 12% than are Married Women with Children under 6 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% PhD 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Year Years out from PhD Receipt N=30,568 Source: Survey of Doctorate Recipients, Sciences and Humanities, 1981 to 1995. Note: The use of NSF data does not imply NSF endorsement of research methods or conclusions contained in this report.

Leaks in the Pipeline: Tenure Track to Tenure Women Men 30% Expected Probability of Achieving Tenure 25% 20% 15% 10% For each year after securing a tenure track position, Men are 20% 5% more likely to achieve tenure than are Women 0% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Years out from Tenure Track Start Date N=10,845 Source: Survey of Doctorate Recipients, Sciences and Humanities, 1981 to 1995. Note: The use of NSF data does not imply NSF endorsement of research methods or conclusions contained in this report.

Alone in the Ivory Tower Assessing the Effect of Academic Careers on Family Formation of Men and Women PhDs

Married at Time of Career Formation* Ladder-Rank 60% Women Ladder-Rank 74% Men Second-Tier 76% Women** 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% Probability of Being Married at Time of Career Formation* *Time of career formation is defined as 0 to 3 years post-PhD. **Non-Tenure Track, Part Time, or Not Working. Source: SDR Science and Humanities Survey, 1981-1995. PhD recipients 1978-1994.

Getting Married after Time of Career Formation* Ladder-Rank Women Ladder-Rank Men Second-Tier Women** 25% Probability of Getting Married 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 10 or more Years after Time of Career Formation* *For individuals who were single at time of career formation, 0-3 years post-PhD. **Non-Tenure Track, Part Time, or Not Working. Source: SDR Science and Humanities Survey, 1981-1995. PhD recipients 1978-1992 .

Child under 6 at Time of Career Formation* Ladder-Rank 17% Women Ladder-Rank 38% Men Second-Tier 38% Women** 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% Probability of Child Under 6 in Household at Time of Career Formation* *Time of career formation is defined as 0 to 3 years post-PhD. **Non-Tenure Track, Part Time, or Not Working. Source: SDR Science and Humanities Survey, 1981-1995. PhD recipients 1978-1994.

Having a Child After Time of Career Formation* Ladder-Rank Women Ladder-Rank Men Second-Tier Women** 20% 18% Probability of Child under 6 16% Entering the Household 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 10 or more Years after Time of Career Formation* *For individuals who had no child under 6 in household at time of career formation, 0-3 years post-PhD. **Non-Tenure Track, Part Time, or Not Working. Source: SDR Science and Humanities Survey, 1981-1995. PhD recipients 1978-1994.

Divorced at Time of Career Formation* Ladder-Rank 8% Women Ladder-Rank 3% Men Second-Tier 5% Women** 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% Probability of Being Divorced at Time of Career Formation* *Time of career formation is defined as 0 to 3 years post-PhD. **Non-Tenure Track, Part Time, or Not Working. Source: SDR Science and Humanities Survey, 1981-1995. PhD recipients 1978-1994.

Getting Divorced after Time of Career Formation* Ladder-Rank Women Ladder-Rank Men Second-Tier Women** 4% Probability of Getting Divorced 3% 2% 1% 0% 0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 10 or more Years after Time of Career Formation* *For individuals who were married at time of career formation, 0-3 years post-PhD. **Non-Tenure Track, Part Time, or Not Working. Source: SDR Science and Humanities Survey, 1981-1995. PhD recipients 1978-1992 .

Getting Remarried if Divorced at Time of Career Formation* Ladder-Rank Women Ladder-Rank Men Second-Tier Women** 30% Probability of Getting Remarried 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 10 or more Years after Time of Career Formation* *For individuals who were divorced at time of career formation, 0-3 years post-PhD. **Non-Tenure Track, Part Time, or Not Working. Source: SDR Science and Humanities Survey, 1981-1995. PhD recipients 1978-1992 .

Family Status Twelve Years out from PhD* Ladder- Ladder- Second Rank Rank Tier Women Men Women*** Married Married without Single with Married without Children** Children without Children 5% 15% Children 20% Married 20% Married Single with Married with Single with Single with Children** with Children** without Children** 6% Children** 11% Children** Children 60% 69% 41% 11% Single Single without without Children Children 14% 28% N=10,112 N=27,030 N=7056 *PhDs from 1978-1984 Who Are Ladder-Rank Faculty 12 Years out from PhD. **Had a child in the household at any point post PhD to 12 years out. ***Non-Tenure Track, Part Time, or Not Working Source: Survey of Doctorate Recipients, Science and Humanities, 1979-1995

UC Work and Family Survey: History and Response Rates • The survey was designed to assess the effectiveness of UC’s existing family friendly policies for ladder-rank faculty (implemented in July 1988). It was first conducted at UC Berkeley, Fall 2002, and was rolled-out in Spring-Summer 2003 to the other UC universities (except UCM), with President Atkinson serving as the first contact email signatory. University # of Responses # of Surveyed Response Rate Berkeley 743 1351 55% Davis 820 1385 59% Irvine 445 910 49% Los Angeles 788 1758 45% Riverside 367 663 55% San Diego 472 998 47% San Francisco 188 357 53% Santa Barbara 374 802 47% Santa Cruz 262 481 54% Total 4459 8705 51%

Everybody is Very Busy (UC Faculty, ages 30-50) Professional Housework Caregiving 110 100 Total Hours per W eek 90 35.5 80 20.3 8.1 8.6 70 10.6 10.6 11.9 60 14.6 50 40 30 59.8 59.1 55.6 51.2 20 10 0 N=338 701 248 505 Women with Men with Women Men without Children Children without Children Children

The Baby Lag for UC Women Faculty in Pursuit of Tenure Men Women Percent of Faculty with New Biological 18% Hire Hire Years Before Hire Date Years After Hire Date Date Date 16% Babies Entering the Household 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 0 2 4 6 8 0 8 6 4 2 2 4 6 8 0 8 6 4 2 0 e - - - 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 - o o o o o r o o o o - - - - - o t t t t t o o o o o o t t t m o o o o o t 0 2 4 6 t t t t t t 2 8 t t t t t 0 6 4 - 8 0 2 4 6 8 - - - r 0 8 6 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 o - 2 1 1 1 1 - - - - - 0 2 Years Before and After Assistant Professor Hire Date* N=2340 Men 982 Women *Year 0 represents Assistant Professor Hire Date