Directional morphology and person marking Felix Rau Leiden University / University of Cologne Universität zu Köln
Talk map • General Idea • Patterns • Typology I (coarse) • Closer Look • Typology II (fine / preliminary) 2
General Idea 3
Directionals: itive dynamic spatial deixis ventive V ventive = venitive = cislocative = centripetal itive = andative = translocative = centrifugal 4
Gorum (Munda): don-tu don-t-aj take- ACT : NPST take- ACT : NPST - VEN ‘he will take (it)’ ‘he will bring (it)’ Sizang Chin (Tibeto-Burman): kei ka-pai hi. kei k-ong-pai hi. I 1st-go IND I 1st- CISL -go IND ‘I go/went.’ ‘I come/came.’ DeLancey 1981:637 Sahaptin (Plateau Penutian): i-qʼínun-a i-qʼínun-im-a 3. NOM -see- PAST 3. NOM -see- CISL - PAST ‘he saw/looked’ ‘he looked this way’ Rude 1991:38 [via Mithun 1996:417] 5
Ventives V as Speech Act Participant markers SAP V 6
Sizang Chin (Tibeto-Burman): kei ka-pai hi. kei k-ong-pai hi. I 1st-go IND I 1st- CISL -go IND ‘I go/went.’ ‘I come/came.’ hong-pe-tu hi. CISL -give- FUT IND ‘(She/He) will give it to me.’ DeLancey 1981:637 7
Gorum -aj ‘ventive’ – 1 SG SUBJ Nez Perce -im ‘cislocative’ – 2>1 INVERSE Kalenjin - u ‘ventive’ – SAP BENEFACTIVE APPLICATIVE Mohawk takw- ‘cislocative’ – 2>1 Kabardian q’a- ‘horizon of interest’ – object is kin of speaker 8
Directionals as Person Markers • locative origin (directional) • not a trivial parallelism between the spatial and person usage • no isomorphism of space and person domain • typological variation 9
Ad hoc Survey 10
Grammatical Patterns 11
Conceptual notions A O + I E V event ventive 12
Kalenjin mas-tɛ́ • Cislocative -u/-ʊ sweep. IMP - ITV ‘sweep it away!’ • → 1st/2nd Person mas-ʊ • benefactive applicative sweep. IMP - VEN ‘sweep it here’ 13
Kalenjin (Southern Nilotic): a-coor-uun a-coor-ciini 1s-steal- DAT .3s 1s-steal- VEN .2sg ‘I steal it for him’ ‘I steal it for you’ (Dimmendaal 2003:95) 1 3 1 2 V 14
Nez Perce hi-kúuy-e 3 NOM -go- PRFV ‘He went.’ (Mithun 1996:417) • Cislocative -im hi-kúu-m-e • 2nd → 1st Person 3 NOM -go- PST - CIS - PRFV ‘He came.’ (Mithun 1996:417) • inverse kúu-m-e go- CIS - PRFV ‘I came.’ (Deal 2010:94) 15
Nez Perce (Plateau Penutian): hexn-ím-e héexn-e see- PST see- CISL - PST ‘I saw you’ ‘You saw me’ (Zuñiga 2006:166) 1 2 2 1 (1 2) V 16
Gorum don-t-u take- ACT : NPST ‘he will take (it)’ • Ventive -aj don-t-aj take- ACT : NPST - VEN • 1st S / A ‘he will bring (it)’ ne-zel-tu 1s A - ACT : NPST ‘I will tell (it)’ 17
don-tu don-t-aj take- ACT : NPST take- ACT : NPST - VEN ‘s/he will take (it)’ ‘I will take (it)’ V
S (A) ne-j-tuʔ uj-t-a̰j 1s A -go- MID : NPST go- MID : NPST - VEN ‘I will go’ ‘I will go’ A ne-don-t-aj don-t-aj 1s A - take- take- ACT : NPST - VEN ACT : NPST ‘I will take (it)’ S (P) aɖaʔ-r-iŋ aɖaʔ-r-aj thirsty- ACT : PST -1s P thirsty- ACT : PST - VEN ‘I was thirsty’ ‘I was thirsty’ 19
Types • Marking S/A or O marking • Direction direct/inverse • Viewpoint construal of event 20
Notions involved marking: direction: A O I E E I viewpoint: V 21
Kalenjin, Sizang Chin, Kabardian, Iwaidja V Nez Perce, (Sizang Chin) V Gorum, Sora V V 22
Types II • Alignment Patterns • Marking ✓ • Spatial Meaning • Viewpoint ✓ • Temporal Meaning • Direction ✓ • Focality • Domain 23
Gorum a closer look 24
Domain mixed 2 3’’ local non-local 1 3’
Focality/Domain uj-t-a̰j 1s S A intr go- MID : NPST - VEN ‘I will go’ laʔ-t-aj 1s A → 3s/p hit- ACT : NPST - VEN ‘I will hit him/her/it/them’ aɖaʔ-r-aj 1s S O intr thirsty- ACT : PST - VEN ‘I was thirsty’ 26
Focality / Domain II • Focality • 1s S / A ( → 3) • Domain • mixed • local? 27
Alignment ne-koko-ruʔ 1s A -sit- MID : PST • Normal SAP Marking: ‘I sat (down)’ “Active/Stative” ne-laʔ-r-om • Ventive Pattern 1s A -hit- ACT : PST -2s P ‘I hit you’ Nominative aɖaʔ-r-iŋ thirsty- ACT : PST -1s P ‘I was thirsty’ 28
Alignment II uj-t-a̰j 1s S A intr go- MID : NPST - VEN ‘I will go’ don-t-aj 1s A → 3s/p take- ACT : NPST - VEN ‘I will take (it)’ aɖaʔ-r-aj 1s S O intr thirsty- ACT : PST - VEN ‘I was thirsty’ 29
Gorum Person Markers A / S A P / S P A / S A / S P ne- -iŋ 1s 2s mo- -om 1s -aj 1p le- -ileŋ 2p bo- -ibeŋ 3p -ej (=gi) 3p
Sora (Munda) non-motion 1s STEM - TNS - aj 2s STEM - TNS -ɛ 3s STEM - TNS - ɛ STEM - TNS - be 1p.incl 1p.excl Ə - STEM - TNS - aj 2p Ə - STEM - TNS - ɛ 3p STEM - TNS - ɛ-ʤi 31
Spatial Usage motion events don-tu take- ACT : NPST ‘he will take (it)’ V don-t-aj take- ACT : NPST - VEN ‘he will bring (it)’ V 32
Spatial Usage II non-motion events no'd oa'd laʔ-tu s/he dance hit- ACT : NPST ‘s/he will dance’ no'd oa'd laʔ-t-aj s/he dance hit- ACT : NPST - VEN V ‘s/he will dance over there’ cf. Q’eqchi’ (Mayan) particle čaq (DeCormier 1979) 33
Spatial Meaning • motion towards viewpoint • distance from viewpoint • motion (from viewpoint) towards a distant point? 34
Temporal Usage I no'd sur-ru past s/he say- ACT : PST ‘he said’ no'd sur-r-aj remote past s/he say- ACT : PST - VEN ‘s/he said a long time ago’ 35
Temporal Usage II ne-zel-tu future / habitual 1s A -tell- ACT : NPST ‘I will tell it’ zel-t-aj immediate future tell- ACT : NPST - VEN ‘I am going to tell it now’ 36
Temporal Meaning • remote past • immediate future • (urgency?) 37
direction distance motion spatial towards from towards viewpoint viewpoint distant point immediate remote past temporal future 1st person sg person actor/subject 38
Space to Person V V 1st person subject Non-motion usage In Sora (Munda): 1st person subject usage restricted to non-motion verbs 39
Viewpoint Direction Focality Domain Space TAM towards V REM.PST A/S DIR 1s mixed/(local) Gorum distal IMM.FUT distal-abl. towards V A/S DIR 1s mixed/local ? Sora distal? towards V A INV 2s>1s? local ? Nez Perce distal? O DIR 2s>1s local towards V ? Mohawk O DIR? (3>)1s? mixed/? towards V ? Sizang Chin Kalenjin O DIR SAP mixed/local towards V (inceptive) local/mixed/non- towards V Kabardian O DIR SAP? — local proximal 40
open issues • What are relevant parameters? • better understanding of spatial semantics • usage in temporal domain • correlations: person/space/time? • links between specific meanings 41
Thank you! f.rau@uni-koeln.de Thanks to Dagmar Jung, Nikolaus Himmelmann, Caro Pasamonik, Gerrit Dimmendaal, and Marianne Mithun 42
The parallelism between motion and dative sentences is hardly surprising, in view of the obvious and long-noted grammatical and semantic parallelism of the two types. DeLancey 1981:637 44
In any semantic field of events and states, the principal event, state, path, and place functions are a subset of those used for the analysis of spatial motion and location. Jackendoff 1983:188 45
Nez Perce you → me I → you go come
Benefactive event go come → SAP
Gorum ne-koko-ruʔ A / S A P / S P 1s A -sit- MID : PST ne- -iŋ 1s ‘I sat (down)’ 2s mo- -om ne-laʔ-r-om 1s A -hit- ACT : PST -2s U 1p le- -ileŋ ‘I hit you’ 2p bo- -ibeŋ aɖaʔ-r-iŋ -ej/=gi 3p (S P : -ej) thirsty- ACT : PST -1s U ‘I was thirsty’
Thank you! f.rau@uni-koeln.de Thanks to Dagmar Jung, Nikolaus Himmelmann, Caro Pasamonik, Gerrit Dimmendaal, and Marianne Mithun
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