Diet and Food Consump0on in the light of Nutri0onal Ecology - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Diet and Food Consump0on in the light of Nutri0onal Ecology Gabriela Bielefeld Nardoto Department of Ecology University of Brasília August 2016 N-School - SP - Brazil

Holocene stability (last 10.000 years): agriculture and complex socie0es Hunter-gatherer Farmers

Food supply and consump0on have shaped the contemporary world Extensive agriculture Landscape fragmenta0on Urbaniza0on Intensive transporta0on Eutrophiza0on

Changes in food supply and consump0on globaliza7on and expansion of the trade market has transformed diet pa?erns from locally produced food items toward industrialized and processed items

“Supermarket diet” People living in urban centers have access to a wide range of food products derived from a broad geographic range significant exchange in carbon and nitrogen sources more fossil fuel energy expenses than physical energy expenses

Human nutri0on transi0on in the developing regions • Globaliza7on and the expansion of market economies is transforming dietary pa?erns locally produced food to industrial and processed products • Exponen7al growth in urban centers is fuelled by large-scale emigra7on from rural areas in the developing world clear shiIs in the mode of subsistence Health impacts a?ributed to these changes: high rates of obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure and correlated heart diseases

Stable isotopes as tracers of changes in patterns of human diet Central importance of food in the culture and human ecology • can es7mate the importance of C 4 grasses in human’s diet • can reveal the extent of coupling s7ll exists between food produc7on and consump7on

You are what you eat Fonte: Fry 2006

Geographical paNerns of human diet derived from stable-isotope analysis of fingernails • C and N isotope ra7os of contemporary human fingernails • Survey included only adults but of a wide range of age • Samples collected from each volunteer by clipping the free edge of the fingernail and cleaned using a solu7on of 2:1 cloroformium/methanol • Every individual sampled had lived in the locality for a period of 7me longer than 2 years • Survey under authoriza7on by official human ethical commi?ee

δ 15 N increases about 3‰ in every trophic level Fry 2006

C 3 δ 13 C C 4

C4 grasses influence in contemporary human diet C 4 C 3 Mar7nelli, Nardoto, et al (2011)

Another example: beer from different geographic regions Mardegan et al (2012)

Geographical paNerns of modern human diet SE-Brazil W-USA W-Europe Beijing 11.0 Animal sources 10.5 10.0 9.5 δ 15 N (‰) 9.0 8.5 8.0 7.5 Plant sources C3 plants C4 plants 7.0 -22.0 -21.0 -20.0 -19.0 -18.0 -17.0 -16.0 -15.0 -14.0 δ 13 C (‰) Bars are SE and boxes are SD Nardoto et al. (2006)

Heavy SE-Brazil versus light W-USA 12.0 11.5 11.0 omnivores Brazil 10.5 10.0 δ 15 N (‰) vegetarians Brazil 9.5 9.0 omnivores USA 8.5 8.0 vegetarians USA 7.5 7.0 -22.0 -21.0 -20.0 -19.0 -18.0 -17.0 -16.0 -15.0 -14.0 -13.0 -12.0 δ 13 C (‰) Nardoto et al 2006

Land use changes in Brazil C 3 shiX from a C 3 based diet to a C 4 based diet C 4

For Brazil: Food δ 15 N δ 13 C N (‰) (‰) Plants C 3 2.9 ± 2.8 -26.1 ± 1.9 151 Plants C 4 1.0 ± 1.7 -11.2 ± 0.6 16 Animal & products 5.0 ± 1.7 -14.7 ± 2.9 174 Seafood 12.1 ± 2.8 -19.2 ± 2.0 26 Source: Nardoto et al 2006

As the accessibility to food markets and the size of urban centers increase: ca?le diet - based on tropical pastures pork and chicken diet - based over 60% on corn food based on C4 plants sugar – derived 100% from sugar cane

Sugar in Brazil: Made exclusively from cane , a C 4 plant sugar and any product that contains sugar have in part an isotopic C 4 signal

rural-urban transi0on Contemporary Amazon 14.0 Local communi+es - Caboclos inhabitants: 13.5 Ja Jama mara raquá Mix of Indigenous 13.0 Amazonian, European, 12.5 African 12.0 δ 15 N (‰) Urban centers So Soco corro rro 11.5 SE-Bra SE-Brasil sil 11.0 Caboclos Sã São Jo Jorg rge 10.5 in7mately linked to 10.0 regional markets 9.5 Santaré Sa rém m - - PA PA dependent for a wide 9.0 array of goods -21 -20 -19 -18 -17 -16 -15 -14 δ 13 C (‰) Nardoto et al 2006

Map indica0ng the locali0es studied in the Brazilian Amazonia

Food intake from 24h-recall and stable isotope analysis Nutri7onal implica7ons

Brazilian Amazonian villages Varzea (villages located in floodplains near large white water rivers) (Nova Jerusalém, Amanã, AM) Terra-firme (villages located in not flooded areas - uplands) (Japurá, Mamirauá, AM)

Dependence on the market economy Basic goods: sugar, coffee, rice, beans, fuel and fabrics Op0ons to get industrialized food: • travel by water to the nearby town • buy from boats that travel to these isolated villages • go to the village grocery store (rarely available)

C and N isotope values of Amazonian local food Food δ 15 N δ 13 C (‰) (‰) cassava 6.9 -26.7 (manioc - tuber) fresh water fish* 9.8 -27.8 (omnivore – Tambaqui) game** 9.6 -25.3 (Agou7, Collared peccary) *nail; **muscle 7ssue Forest values: δ 15 N= 6 to 8 ‰ and δ 13 C = -28 to -31 ‰

Individuals interviewed who regularly consume these items in the Caboclos villages, towns and ci7es of the Brazilian Amazon region: % individuals interviewed Nardoto et al. in review

Transi0on from Locally Produced Foods to Processed Items rural urban C 4 C 3 Nardoto et al 2011 - AJHB

Kalungas (GO) difficult access easy access Alto Paraíso de Goiás Silva (2014) !

Fishery communi0es in the northearstern Brazil Marine fishes !

Rural communi0es in the northearstern region of Brazil Riachinho/RN ! ! Rancho da Caça/RN ! Reinaldo et al (2015)

Nutri0on transi0on in Brazil urbaniza0on C 3 to C 4 Diabetes and obesity maize, soybean e grasses Sugar cane (protein and fat soureces) (carbs and fat sources) Processed and Simplifica0on of industrialized food items trophic levels

Urbaniza0on effects: ¨ related health problems: ¤ obesity and high blood pressure, both associated with cardiac diseases and type II diabetes ¨ C and isotope ra7os in the fingernails - decoupling from the local landscape ra7os can hold informa7on directly related to both food sources and dietary prac7ces

Socio-economical classes: C and N isotopes approach Despite opportuni7es for a "global supermarket" effect to swamp out C and N isotope ra7os in urbanized regions differences between people from high and low incoming social-economical classes living in the SE-Brazil seem to persist: Is economical and or a socio-cultural issue?

We are re esp specia cially lly gra rateful l wit ith all ll vo volu lunteers rs whom m ma made this is work rk possib ssible le donatin ing a pie iece ce of their ir fin ingern rnail il Colaborators: Dr. Luiz Antonio Mar7nelli – CENA/USP (coordinator) Dra. Maria Elisa Garavello – ESALQ/USP Dr. Fernando Bignardi – UNIFESP Dra. Edila Moura – UFPA e IDSM Dr. Rui Murrieta – IB/USP Dr. Ta7ana Schor – UFAM Dr. Jim Ehleringer – University of Utah Tecnical assistence: F. Rinaldi, J. Gragnani, F. Ballione, E. Mazzi, M.A. Zambe?a, L. Chesson, O. Brito, A.C. Nascimento, L.E. Prates FUNDING : FAPESP, CNPq

Where are you fit in the plot? Animal sources 12 Nitrogen stable isotope ratio 10 C 3 C 4 Plant sources 8 - 28 - 18 - 10 Carbon stable isotope ratio