Diabetes Professional Care 2019 Cardiovascular Disease Prevention - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Diabetes Professional Care 2019 Cardiovascular Disease Prevention – the MDT Panel The ABC of CVD Prevention

Declaration of Conflict of Interests Dr Jim Moore FRCP Edin GP and GPwSI in Cardiology, Cheltenham President Elect Primary Care Cardiovascular Society NICE Guideline Committee member -Chronic Heart Failure 2018 National Heart Failure Audit Steering group Chair of the GLOS CCG Circulatory Clinical Programme Group In the last year Honoraria received from AstraZeneca, Bayer and Novartis for various activities including attending and participating in educational events and advisory boards

Primary Care Cardiovascular Society wwww.pccsuk.org

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The ABC of CVD Prevention

The deadly quartet Type 2 Obesity diabetes Insulin resistance Hypertension Dyslipidemia Early cardiovascular disease/endothelial dysfunction Microvascular Macrovascular DeFronzo RA, et al. Diabetes Care 1991;15:173–194

"A" Atrial Fibrillation

The REAL Importance of AF • Most important preventable cause of stroke • Emboli from the LA appendage

There is a national programme across England to tackle There is a national programme across England the issue of AF-related strokes 1 to tackle the issue of AF-related strokes 1 DETECT DETECT FIND MORE FIND MORE Awareness campaigns, Awareness campaigns, educate and encourage people educate and encourage people to check their pulse rhythm 2 to check their pulse rhythm 2 PERFECT PERFECT PROTECT PROTECT TREAT BETTER TREAT BETTER TREAT MORE TREAT MORE Ensure optimal Ensure optimal Ensure that all suitable Ensure that all suitable treatment in all treatment in all patients with AF receive patients with AF receive patients 2 patients 2 appropriate treatment 2 appropriate treatment 2 1. The AHSN Network. Available at: https://www.ahsnnetwork.com/about-academic-health-science-networks/national-programmes-priorities/atrial-fibrillation/, 1. The AHSN Network. Available at: https://www.ahsnnetwork.com/about-academic-health-science-networks/national-programmes-priorities/atrial-fibrillation/, accessed December 2018; 2. The AF Toolkit. Available at http://www.londonscn.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/detect-protect-perfect-london-af-toolkit- accessed December 2018; 2. The AF Toolkit. Available at http://www.londonscn.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/detect-protect-perfect-london-af-toolkit- 062017.pdf, accessed November 2018 062017.pdf, accessed November 2018

There is a national programme across England to tackle There is a national programme across England the issue of AF-related strokes 1 to tackle the issue of AF-related strokes 1 DETECT DETECT FIND MORE FIND MORE Awareness campaigns, Awareness campaigns, educate and encourage people educate and encourage people to check their pulse rhythm 2 to check their pulse rhythm 2 PERFECT PERFECT PROTECT PROTECT TREAT BETTER TREAT BETTER TREAT MORE TREAT MORE Ensure optimal Ensure optimal Ensure that all suitable Ensure that all suitable treatment in all treatment in all patients with AF receive patients with AF receive patients 2 patients 2 appropriate treatment 2 appropriate treatment 2 1. The AHSN Network. Available at: https://www.ahsnnetwork.com/about-academic-health-science-networks/national-programmes-priorities/atrial-fibrillation/, 1. The AHSN Network. Available at: https://www.ahsnnetwork.com/about-academic-health-science-networks/national-programmes-priorities/atrial-fibrillation/, accessed December 2018; 2. The AF Toolkit. Available at http://www.londonscn.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/detect-protect-perfect-london-af-toolkit- accessed December 2018; 2. The AF Toolkit. Available at http://www.londonscn.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/detect-protect-perfect-london-af-toolkit- 062017.pdf, accessed November 2018 062017.pdf, accessed November 2018

Maximise routine opportunities for case finding to improve AF detection rates OPPORTUNISTIC pulse checking CLOSES THE DIAGNOSIS GAP UNDIAGNOSED DIAGNOSED Kearney M et al. Br J Gen Pract 2016;66:62–63

Suspected paroxysmal AF undetected by 12L ECG Event recorder (AliveCor FDA approved)

AF screening in chronic disease management / health promotion ✓ Hypertension ✓ Heart failure ✓ CHD > 90% target ✓ Stroke population ✓ Diabetes coverage ✓ CKD ✓ Weight management ✓ NHS Health Check

There is a national programme across England to tackle the issue of AF-related strokes 1 DETECT FIND MORE Awareness campaigns, educate and encourage people to check their pulse rhythm 2 PERFECT PROTECT TREAT BETTER TREAT MORE Ensure optimal Ensure that all suitable treatment in all patients with AF receive patients 2 appropriate treatment 2 1. The AHSN Network. Available at: https://www.ahsnnetwork.com/about-academic-health-science-networks/national-programmes-priorities/atrial-fibrillation/, accessed December 2018; 2. The AF Toolkit. Available at http://www.londonscn.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/detect-protect-perfect-london-af-toolkit- 062017.pdf, accessed November 2018

What are the perceived barriers to anticoagulation?

Physician’s judgement is a major factor in withholding anticoagulation Why physicians withhold VKAs in patients at risk of stroke (CHADS 2 score ≥2)* Eligible patients Main reason anticoagulant not used n=2302 [n (%)] Alcohol misuse 11 (0.5) Already taking antiplatelet drugs for other medical condition 117 (5.1) Patient refusal 165 (7.2) Previous bleeding event 55 (2.4) Taking medication contraindicated or cautioned for use with VKA 16 (0.7) Other 239 (10.4) Unknown 587 (25.5) ~48% due to physician Physician's choice 1112 (48.3) choice *Physicians’ clinical judgment of stroke risk appears to incorporate factors not included in CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc.Kakkar AK et al. PLoS One 2013;8:e63479

Physician’s judgement is a major factor in withholding anticoagulation Why physicians withhold VKAs in patients at risk of stroke (CHADS 2 score ≥2)* Eligible patients Main reason anticoagulant not used n=2302 [n (%)] ~48% due to physician Physician's choice 1112 (48.3) choice Bleeding risk 170 (7.4) Concern over patient compliance 121 (5.3) Guideline recommendation 32 (1.4) Fall risk 150 (6.5) Low risk of stroke 95 (4.1) Other 544 (23.6) *Physicians’ clinical judgment of stroke risk appears to incorporate factors not included in CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc.Kakkar AK et al. PLoS One 2013;8:e63479

CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc Score and Stroke Risk? Stroke rate Risk factor Points CHA 2 DS 2 - events/100 patient-years VASc Prior stroke/ 2 TIA or systemic embolism 9 23.64 8 22.38 Age ≥75 years 2 7 21.50 Congestive heart failure* 1 6 19.74 Add points Hypertension 1 together 5 15.26 Diabetes mellitus 1 4 9.27 3 5.92 Age 65–74 years 1 2 3.71 Female gender 1 1 2.01 Vascular disease 1 0 0.78 *Or moderate-to-severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction ≤40%). TIA, transient ischaemic attack 1. Olesen JB, et al. BMJ 2011;342:d124; 2. Camm AJ, et al. Eur Heart J . 2010;31(19):2369–2429.

The risk of ischaemic stroke ‘without’ OAC exceeds the risk of intracranial bleeding ‘with’ OAC* 18% 18% 16% 16% 13% 13% Annual event rate Annual event rate Stroke (No OAC) 12% 12% Stroke (No OAC) 10% 10% Stroke (OAC) 8% 8% Stroke (OAC) 6% 6% 4% 4% ICH (OAC) 2% 2% ICH (OAC) ICH (No OAC) ICH (No OAC) 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8+ CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc Score HAS-BLED Score Relation between risk scores and annual event rates of ischaemic stroke and ICH in relation to use of oral anticoagulation in 159,013 Swedish AF patients followed up for 1.5±1.1 years (2005–2008) *Except those with a very low risk of stroke Friberg L et al. Circulation 2012;125:2298–2307

Who should be anticoagulated? (ESC 2016) Adapted from The ESC. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation. Available at: https://www.escardio.org/Guidelines/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/Atrial-Fibrillation-Management. Accessed February 2019

NOACs showed a favourable benefit-risk profile versus warfarin • Meta-analysis of Phase III trials for stroke/SE prevention in non-valvular AF patients on NOACs vs warfarin 25% # 14% † increase 19%* reduction in GI reduction in major in stroke/SE 52%* bleeding bleeding reduction vs warfarin in ICH NOAC events vs 911 vs 1107 204 vs 425 1541 vs 1802 751 vs 591 warfarin events The relative efficacy and safety profile of NOACs was consistent across a wide spectrum of non-valvular AF patients Note: 42,411 participants received a new oral anticoagulant and 29,272 participants received warfarin * P< 0.0001; † P =0.06; # P =0.04 Ruff CT, et al. Lancet . 2014;383:955–962