This document and the information contained herein is the property of Saab AB and must not be used, disclosed or altered without Saab AB prior written consent. Development of the Stirling AIP system Daniel Nilsson, Senior Development Engineer COMPANY RESTRICTED | NOT EXPORT CONTROLLED | NOT CLASSIFIED Your Name | Document Identification | Issue 1
Stirling AIP system explained Area of interest Safe area Transit area Why AIP? Stealth=Battery+AIP Diesel engine usage Battery=Days AIP=Weeks 2 COMPANY RESTRICTED | NOT EXPORT CONTROLLED | NOT CLASSIFIED Your Name | Document Identification | Issue 1
Stirling AIP system explained Stirling AIP is a part of the Energy system The battery of the submarine is the center of the energy system Energy supply Energy usage Diesel engine Propulsion & maneuvering Land connection Sonar & weapons Stirling engine Auxiliaries 3 COMPANY RESTRICTED | NOT EXPORT CONTROLLED | NOT CLASSIFIED Your Name | Document Identification | Issue 1
Stirling AIP system explained System layout Cycle gas Purge gas Consumables COMPANY RESTRICTED | NOT EXPORT CONTROLLED | NOT CLASSIFIED Your Name | Document Identification | Issue 1
Stirling AIP system explained Stirling AIP usage • Charging of batteries • Diesel engines • Grid connection in harbour • Stirling AIP • Low power, high energy density • Maintain battery capacity =>Always ready for a sprint Diesel module, transit and charging COMPANY RESTRICTED | NOT EXPORT CONTROLLED | NOT CLASSIFIED Your Name | Document Identification | Issue 1
Stirling engine development Since antiquity knowledge about substances such as air and water and the affection by heat is documented. Early ideas of useful internal combustion engines and heat engines was both in the 17 th century Internal combustion engine consists mainly of Diesel and Otto engine today Torque is created to the crankshaft by the combustion inside the cylinders Aeolipile ”hero’s engine” Combustion generated torque Christian Huygens explosion engine COMPANY RESTRICTED | NOT EXPORT CONTROLLED | NOT CLASSIFIED 1673 Your Name | Document Identification | Issue 1
Stirling engine development A heat engine converts a part of a energy flow into mechanical work Q Q T H C H T C W Heat engine principle COMPANY RESTRICTED | NOT EXPORT CONTROLLED | NOT CLASSIFIED Your Name | Document Identification | Issue 1
Stirling engine development Understanding the behaviour of gases Around 1650 the correlation between pressure, volume and temperature was noticed COMPANY RESTRICTED | NOT EXPORT CONTROLLED | NOT CLASSIFIED Your Name | Document Identification | Issue 1
Stirling engine development 1816 Robert Stirling introduced a “heat economizer” to create a regenerative heat engine – a Stirling engine COMPANY RESTRICTED | NOT EXPORT CONTROLLED | NOT CLASSIFIED Your Name | Document Identification | Issue 1
Stirling engine development Thermodynamics Sadi Carnot 1796-1832 Derived early theoretical models of heat engines and therefore a founder of modern thermodynamics. Carnot efficiency - thermal efficiency 𝜃 𝐷𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑝𝑢 = 1 − 𝑈 𝑀 = 𝜃 𝑢ℎ𝑓𝑠𝑛𝑏𝑚 𝑈 𝐼 COMPANY RESTRICTED | NOT EXPORT CONTROLLED | NOT CLASSIFIED Your Name | Document Identification | Issue 1
Stirling engine development Development of modern engines The development of more useful Stirling engines was initiated by Philips in the Netherlands in 1938 COMPANY RESTRICTED | NOT EXPORT CONTROLLED | NOT CLASSIFIED Your Name | Document Identification | Issue 1
Stirling engine development Development of larger engines • Beta type of Stirling engines • Aim was a 200 horsepower engine for busses, construction equipment and submarines • Philips design, 4-235, with high engine pressure and speed. • United Stirling design ,4-615, with lower engine pressure and speed. Intended service interval of 10 000 hours. COMPANY RESTRICTED | NOT EXPORT CONTROLLED | NOT CLASSIFIED Your Name | Document Identification | Issue 1
Stirling engine development Development of smaller engines of double acting alfa type • Ford Pinto with the Stirling engine V4X31 (to the right) • Ford Taunus with the Stirling engine V4X35 (to the left) COMPANY RESTRICTED | NOT EXPORT CONTROLLED | NOT CLASSIFIED Your Name | Document Identification | Issue 1
Stirling engine development The project ASE (Automotive Stirling Engine) started 1978. • ASE was a 10 year long cooperation between Mechanical Technology Inc.(MTI) Latham NY, NASA-Cleveland and United Stirling Sweden. • The funder of the project was U.S. Department of Energy • About 125 million USD (1978) was invested in the project. • The first part of the project was to install a P40 Stirling engine in a Opel Rekord COMPANY RESTRICTED | NOT EXPORT CONTROLLED | NOT CLASSIFIED Your Name | Document Identification | Issue 1
Stirling engine development Concentrated solar power COMPANY RESTRICTED | NOT EXPORT CONTROLLED | NOT CLASSIFIED Your Name | Document Identification | Issue 1
Stirling engine development The many years of Stirling engine development was transferred to the submarine technology COMPANY RESTRICTED | NOT EXPORT CONTROLLED | NOT CLASSIFIED Your Name | Document Identification | Issue 1
Stirling engine charateristics Signatures • Well balanced, low mechanical signatures • Sinusoidal like pressure variation • Exhaust cooled in Stirling module • Exhausts consist of water and carbon dioxide • Directly connected to generator COMPANY RESTRICTED | NOT EXPORT CONTROLLED | NOT CLASSIFIED Your Name | Document Identification | Issue 1
Stirling AIP development The MkIII Stirling module • Engine and auxiliaries installed in a insulated module • Fire safety and protection • Air borne noise reduction • EMC reduction • Controlled environment • Resilient mounting for improved shock resistance and reduced vibrations COMPANY RESTRICTED | NOT EXPORT CONTROLLED | NOT CLASSIFIED Your Name | Document Identification | Issue 1
Stirling AIP development • The V4-275R MkI engine was developed in the 80´s • 1984 Test section for Stirling AIP COMPANY RESTRICTED | NOT EXPORT CONTROLLED | NOT CLASSIFIED Your Name | Document Identification | Issue 1
Stirling AIP development • 1987: SAGA research submarine (Comex) was operated with two Stirling engines supplied by Kockums • 1988: HMS Näcken fitted with two Stirling engines supplied by Kockums as a retrofit • Successful trials • Operational 1989 COMPANY RESTRICTED | NOT EXPORT CONTROLLED | NOT CLASSIFIED Your Name | Document Identification | Issue 1
Stirling AIP development • HMS Gotland Gotland Class • 1995: The world's first naval submarine with Stirling AIP integrated as new built • Stirling AIP as a retrofit • 2001: Japan, Kawasaki Heavy Industries made a Stirling AIP retrofit of the Japanese submarine Asashio • 2003-2004: Two submarines in Swedish Västergötland-class was Stirling AIP upgrade of Västergötland class equipped with Stirling AIP submarine with an ”plug –in” • 2005: The last two Submarines in the Västergötland-class was section modified with Stirling AIP. Deployed in Singapore • 2005-> Japan continues with Stirling AIP in the Soryu class submarine. AIP system included from the beginning • 2007 Japan starts domestic manufacturing of Stirling engines under license from Kockums • 2010: New generation of the Stirling AIP system developed for A26 and Gotland class mid life upgrade COMPANY RESTRICTED | NOT EXPORT CONTROLLED | NOT CLASSIFIED Your Name | Document Identification | Issue 1
Stirling AIP development Mk I Mk II Mk III Mk IV Kockums Stirling AIP HMS Näcken Kockums Gotland Kockums Kockums A26 Test Section Refit Class Södermanland Class Kockums Archer Class 1980 1990 2000 2010 COMPANY RESTRICTED | NOT EXPORT CONTROLLED | NOT CLASSIFIED Your Name | Document Identification | Issue 1
Stirling AIP development Size reduction of Stirling modules COMPANY RESTRICTED | NOT EXPORT CONTROLLED | NOT CLASSIFIED Your Name | Document Identification | Issue 1
Stirling AIP development • Size reduction • Heat recovery PEM-generator Higher efficiency, smaller unit system • Permanent magnet generator Heat recovery total • Upgrades of efficiency >40% auxiliaries • New control system fuel and lox calibration Stirling AIP Module New control system Improved exhaust system enables deeper diving COMPANY RESTRICTED | NOT EXPORT CONTROLLED | NOT CLASSIFIED Your Name | Document Identification | Issue 1
Stirling AIP development • Exhaust heat recovery COMPANY RESTRICTED | NOT EXPORT CONTROLLED | NOT CLASSIFIED Your Name | Document Identification | Issue 1
Stirling AIP development • Why exhaust heat recovery • Every engine produces up to 30 kW of high quality heat • High quality heat could be retrieved and could for instance be used for • Air revitalization (explained in session: New regenerative air purification system for Swedish AIP submarines) • Heating of Submarine • Absorption cooling • Increase of overall efficiency COMPANY RESTRICTED | NOT EXPORT CONTROLLED | NOT CLASSIFIED Your Name | Document Identification | Issue 1
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