RTu1B-4 Heter He erodyne odyne Sen ensing sing CMO MOS S Arra rray y with ith Hi High gh De Density nsity an and d La Large rge Sc Scale: ale: A 2 240 40-GHz, GHz, 32 32-Unit nit Receiv eceiver er Us Using ing a De a De-Central Centralized ized Archit chitect ecture ure Zhi Hu, Cheng eng Wan ang, g, an and Ruonan onan Han an Massach sachus usetts tts Insti stitut tute of Techno chnology logy Cambridge, mbridge, MA, US USA 2018 8 IEEE MTT-S Radio o Frequen quency Integrat egrated ed Circui cuits s Symposi osium um 10-12 June 2018, Philadelphia, PA 1 RTu1B-4
Outl Ou tlin ine • Intr troduc oduction tion • Array Architecture • Multi-functional Heterodyne Pixels • Phase Locking Circuitry • Measurement Results • Conclusion 2018 8 IEEE MTT-S Radio o Frequen quency Integrat egrated ed Circui cuits s Symposi osium um 10-12 June 2018, Philadelphia, PA 2 RTu1B-4
Ter erahe ahertz tz Ra Rada dar as as an an Im Impor ortan tant t Sen ensi sing ng Mod ode [Source: robotic icsand ndaut autom omat ationne ionnews ws.com om] • Multiple tiple sensin sing g modes es are re needed ed in naviga igation tion applicat catio ions ns where e safety ty is a priorit ity – Examples: self-driving cars, unmanned aerial vehicles, etc. [Source: Getty Imag ages] es] 2018 8 IEEE MTT-S Radio o Frequen quency Integrat egrated ed Circui cuits s Symposi osium um 10-12 June 2018, Philadelphia, PA 3 RTu1B-4
Ter erahe ahertz tz Ra Rada dar as as an an Im Impor ortan tant t Sen ensi sing ng Mod ode ~0.01 1 dB/m @ 2 240 GHz [Source: robotic icsand ndaut autom omat ationne ionnews ws.com om] [National ional Resear earch h Counc ncil, il, Assess essment nt of Millim limete eter-Wa Wave and Teraher hertz z Techno hnolo logy gy for Detection ion and Ident ntific ificat atio ion n of Conceal aled Explosives es and Weapons ns, 2007] • Multiple tiple sensin sing g modes es are re needed ed in naviga igation tion applicat catio ions ns where e safety ty is a priorit ity – Examples: self-driving cars, unmanned aerial vehicles, etc. • Teraher ertz tz sensing sing is an imp mporta tant nt compl mplemen ement t to light-based ased sensin sing g (e.g. g. LiDAR) R) – Sub-THz waves have much lower propagation loss than light [Source: Getty Imag ages] es] 2018 8 IEEE MTT-S Radio o Frequen quency Integrat egrated ed Circui cuits s Symposi osium um 10-12 June 2018, Philadelphia, PA 4 RTu1B-4
Pos ossi sible e Pat ath Towar ards ds Sharp arp THz Hz Be Beam am • If we use a a singl gle e het eterodyn dyne e receiv iver er array, , – to obta tain in 1 ° beam m width, th, an area of 6cm x 6cm (~ 10,000 units) s) is needed ded at 240 GHz 2018 8 IEEE MTT-S Radio o Frequen quency Integrat egrated ed Circui cuits s Symposi osium um 10-12 June 2018, Philadelphia, PA 5 RTu1B-4
Pos ossi sible e Pat ath Towar ards ds Sharp arp THz Hz Be Beam am • If we use a a singl gle het eterodyn dyne e receiv iver er array, , – to obta tain in 1 ° beam m width, th, an area of 6cm x 6cm (~ 10,000 units) s) is needed ded at 240 GHz 10×10 Dense 0 Power Response (dB) RX Array -10 RX Pattern TX Pattern Convoluted Pattern -20 10×10 Sparse -30 TX Array -30 -15 0 15 30 Angle (Degree) • One possib sible e soluti tion on is based ed on the two-way y array pattern – On-board sparse TX array generates sharp beams – On-chip dense RX array synthesizes single beam to filter out TX sidelobes -- with relaxed, but still high, scale requirement 2018 8 IEEE MTT-S Radio o Frequen quency Integrat egrated ed Circui cuits s Symposi osium um 10-12 June 2018, Philadelphia, PA 6 RTu1B-4
Revie iew of w of Pr Previo ious us On On-Chip ip THz Hz Sens ensin ing Ar Arrays ys • Dir irec ect (Squa quare re-La Law) Det etec ector or Arrays (la larg rge scale) e) [E. Öjefor ors , , et al., , JSSC, , 2009] [R. Al Hadi et al., , JSSC, 2012] [R. Han et al., , JSSC, 2013] Techn hniq ique ues s of buildi ding ng large-sc scale ale direct t det etect ctor arrays s have e become come mature ure • • Li Limita tations tions of dire rect ct det etect ction on Low responsivity and low SNR, due to limited received RF power ( P IF ∝ P RF 2 ) Coherence of RF signals is lost, thus unable to perform beam-forming (electrical scanning) 2018 8 IEEE MTT-S Radio o Frequen quency Integrat egrated ed Circui cuits s Symposi osium um 10-12 June 2018, Philadelphia, PA 7 RTu1B-4
Revie iew of w of Pr Previo ious us On On-Chip ip THz Hz Sens ensin ing Ar Arrays ys • Het etero erodyne yne Det etec ector Arrays (small all scale ale) 2 x 2 2 array [K. . Statnik nikov, , et al., , TMTT, , 2015] 8-un unit it array [C. Jiang ng, , et al., , JSSC, 2016] Strengt gths hs of het eterody dyne ne det etecti ction • High responsivity and high SNR, by leveraging high LO power ( P IF ∝ P LO ∙ P RF ) Coherence of RF signals is preserved, thus inherently capable of beam-forming There e are still challen enges ges of designin gning large-sc scal ale het eterody odyne ne det etect ctor or arrays s to form m sharp p beam am • 2018 8 IEEE MTT-S Radio o Frequen quency Integrat egrated ed Circui cuits s Symposi osium um 10-12 June 2018, Philadelphia, PA 8 RTu1B-4
Outl Ou tlin ine • Introduction • Array y Archit chitecture ecture • Multi-functional Heterodyne Pixels • Phase Locking Circuitry • Measurement Results • Conclusion 2018 8 IEEE MTT-S Radio o Frequen quency Integrat egrated ed Circui cuits s Symposi osium um 10-12 June 2018, Philadelphia, PA 9 RTu1B-4
RX RX Chip ip: : Cent entral aliz ized ed vs. s. De De-Cent entraliz alized ed Ar Arrays ys Sensing Pixel • Exam ample le On-Chip Antennas Sub-THz f IF Mixers Reference Clock, f ref Sub-THz LO Signal, f LO LPF PFD On-Chip Sub-THz PLL ÷N • Central tralized ized array relies s on a singl gle e LO source, ce, however er, LO power of each unit scales down as array scales up Long LO feed lines are lossy and hard to route 8-un unit it array [C. Jiang ng, , et al., , JSSC, 2016] 2018 8 IEEE MTT-S Radio o Frequen quency Integrat egrated ed Circui cuits s Symposi osium um 10-12 June 2018, Philadelphia, PA 10 RTu1B-4
RX Chip RX ip: : Cent entral aliz ized ed vs. s. De De-Cent entraliz alized ed Ar Arrays ys Sensing Sensing Pixel Pixel On-Chip On-Chip Antennas Antennas Sub-THz Sub-THz f IF f IF Mixers Mixers Sub-THz LO Signal, f LO Coupled Local Reference Reference Oscillators Clock, f ref Sub-THz LO Clock, f ref Signal, f LO ÷N PFD LPF PFD On-Chip On-Chip Sub-THz PLL On-Chip Phase- Sub-THz PLL LPF Locked Loop ÷N Phase/Frequency Control, v ctrl • Central tralized ized array relies s on a singl gle e LO source, ce, however er, -95 LO power of each unit scales down as array scales up ( dBc/Hz, f =1MHz ) -100 Long LO feed lines are lossy and hard to route Phase Noise -105 • De De-Cent Centralized alized array ensures ures every unit havin ing g an LO source ce -110 LO sources are coherently coupled; corporate feed is thus eliminated -115 Oscillator power requirement is relaxed 1 2 4 8 16 32 Bonus: LO phase noise improves as more units are coupled Number of Coupled Units 2018 8 IEEE MTT-S Radio o Frequen quency Integrat egrated ed Circui cuits s Symposi osium um 10-12 June 2018, Philadelphia, PA 11 RTu1B-4
Chal allen lenges ges of of Scal caling ing an and d Ou Our Sol olutions utions Sensing Pixel • Densit sity y challen lenge: ge: On-Chip Antennas – Within λ /2 ∙ λ /2 area, antenna, Sub-THz f IF Mixers Sub-THz LO oscillator, mixer, coupler etc. Signal, f LO Coupled needs to be incorporated Local Reference Oscillators Clock, f ref PFD ÷N On-Chip Sub-THz PLL On-Chip Phase- LPF Locked Loop Phase/Frequency Control, v ctrl 2018 8 IEEE MTT-S Radio o Frequen quency Integrat egrated ed Circui cuits s Symposi osium um 10-12 June 2018, Philadelphia, PA 12 RTu1B-4
Chal allen lenges ges of of Scal caling ing an and d Ou Our Sol olutions utions λ RF / 2 RF Receiving RF Receiving λ RF / 2 from Pattern 1 from Pattern 2 • Density sity challen enge: ge: – Within λ /2 ∙ λ /2 area, antenna, λ RF / 4 oscillator, mixer, coupler etc. needs to be incorporated Data Data Processing Processing MUX (off-chip) 32 IF Signals Self-Oscillating Slot Harmonic Mixer Antenna V ctrl (SOHM) LO Signal LPF Charge Pump PFD Divider Chain ILFD (÷) Slotline w/ LO Coupling 75-MHz Reference LO signal 2018 8 IEEE MTT-S Radio o Frequen quency Integrat egrated ed Circui cuits s Symposi osium um 10-12 June 2018, Philadelphia, PA 13 RTu1B-4
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