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Day 3 If you are still using the default password that was assigned when your account was created, CHANGE IT NOW! (It can be the same as your email password.) Day 3 Steps in compiling: (Optional preprocessing) Lexical analysis

  1. Day 3 If you are still using the “default” password that was assigned when your account was created, CHANGE IT NOW! (It can be the same as your email password.)

  2. Day 3 Steps in compiling: ● (Optional preprocessing) ● Lexical analysis (“scanning”) ● Syntactic analysis (“parsing”) ● Semantic analysis ● Intermediate code generation ● Optimization ● Code generation ● (Optional final optimization)

  3. Lexical Analysis Start with a numbered list of token types: A token is any 0 <unsigned int> 8 ‘;’ component of a program that is 1 ‘(‘ 9 ‘=’ generally treated 2 ‘)’ 10 “==” as an indivisible piece, e.g., a 3 ‘+’ 11 “<=” variable name, an 4 ‘-’ 12 “>=” operator such as <=, a punctuation 5 “for” 13 <string literal> mark such as a semicolon, a string 14 < 6 “while” constant, etc. ... … etc. ... 7 <identifier> (not reserved)

  4. Lexical Analysis For each token type, give a description. This can be either a literal string (e.g., “<=” or “while” to describe an operator or reserved word), or else a <rule> (e.g., the rule <unsigned int> might stand for “a sequence of one or more digits”; the rule <identifier> might stand for “a letter followed by a sequence of zero or more letters or digits”.

  5. Lexical Analysis Lexical analysis produces a “token stream” in which the progam is reduced to a sequence of token types, each with its identifying number and the actual string (in the program) corresponding to it.

  6. Lexical Analysis 10, ”==” 6, ”while” 0, ”3” 7, ”x” 2, ”)” 11, ”<=” // see if 3 occurs 7, ”found” 0, ”10” while x <= 10 9, ”=” 7, ”a” 0, ”1” 9, ”=” a = x+1 7, ”a” 7, ”x” 9, ”=” while (a == 3) 3, ”+” 7, ”f” 0, ”1” found = 1 1, ”(“ 6, ”while” 7, ”x” a = f(x) 1, ”(“ 2, ”)” 7, ”a” Program Stream of Tokens

  7. Syntactic Analysis The syntax of a language is described by a “grammar” that specifies the legal combinations of tokens. Grammars are often specified in BNF notation (“Backus Naur Form”): <item1> ::= valid replacements for <item1> <item2> ::= valid replacements for <item2> ...etc. ...

  8. Syntactic Analysis This is a simplified version of example 2.4, page 46 in Scott Example : an expression can be either a simple variable identifier; an integer; or an expression, followed by an operator, followed by another expression: CLassic BNF notation <expr> ::= <id> | <int> | <expr> <op> <expr> Alternative notations : The book uses this notation (but as three separate rules) expr id | int | expr op expr expr ::= id | int | expr { op expr } * The symbol “ | ” means “or” The “{...}*” means “zero or more repetitions of the items in {...}”

  9. Grammars (“Context-free grammars”) ● Collection of VARIABLES (things that can be replaced by other things), also called NON-TERMINALS. ● Collection of TERMINALS (“constants”, strings that can’t be replaced) ● One special variable called the START SYMBOL. ● Collection of RULES, also called PRODUCTIONS. variable rule1 | rule2 | rule3 | … (You can also write each rule on a separate line--our book does this)

  10. In-Class Exercise Here is a grammar. A, B, and C are non- terminals, 0, 1, and 2 are terminals. The start symbol is A, the rules are: A 0A | 1C | 2B | 0 B 0B | 1A | 2C | 1 C 0C | 1B | 2A | 2

  11. In-Class Exercise A 0A | 1C | 2B | 0 B 0B | 1A | 2C | 1 C 0C | 1B | 2A | 2 2011020 can be parsed (done at the board)!

  12. In-Class Exercise A 0A | 1C | 2B | 0 B 0B | 1A | 2C | 1 C 0C | 1B | 2A | 2 Can 1112202 be parsed? (Explain at board) Can 00102 be parsed? (Explain at board) Can 2120 be parsed? (Explain at board)

  13. Syntactic Analysis The “{...}+” means “one or more repetitions of the items in {...}” prog { statement } + statement assignment | loop | io In this example, assignment id = expression “=”, “while”, “(“, and “)” loop while ( expression ) prog are “A program is one or more statements.” terminals “A statement is an assignment, a loop, or an input/output command.” “An assignment is an identifier, followed by “=”, followed by an expression.”

  14. Syntactic Analysis The process of verifying that a token stream represents a valid application of the rules is called parsing . Using the BNF rules we can construct a parse tree: <prog> <statement> <prog> <assignment> <statement <prog> <id> = <expr> <assignment> <statement> … etc. .... … etc. … … etc. ...

  15. Sample Parse Tree (portion)

  16. A Failed Parse

  17. Grammar for Java, version 8 Overview of notation used: https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se8/html/jls-2.html The full syntax grammar: https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se8/html/jls-19.html

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