CUBAN SPECIAL PERIOD DURING PEACETIME EFFECTS ON CUBAN - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

CUBAN SPECIAL PERIOD DURING PEACETIME � EFFECTS ON CUBAN AGRICULTURE AND HEALTH � David Shatto

HISTORY PEAK OIL TREND ARTIFICIAL NUMBERS 18 • Began in 1991 • Dissolution of USSR 13.5 • Economic Blockade of Cuba by US • Ships docked in Cuba must wait 6 months to dock in US 9 • $750 million food/medicine halted • Approx. 10 years 4.5 • Artificial peak oil • Energy and Food Crisis • Heavily dependent on Green Revolution 0 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 • Required dramatic shift in agricultural thinking Oil Production Oil Demand

IMMEDIATE EFFECTS • Imports • 50% in wheat/grains • 50% food stuffs • 70% fertilizer/pesticide • 50% fuel • 53% in oil • Lost 80% of export market • Overall http://www.travela.ro/images/imguploads/cuba-map.jpg • 30% reduction in caloric and protein intake/person

AGRICULTURE PRIOR TO 1991 • Heavy dependence on oil 90,000 tractors • 1,300,000 tons of chemical fertilizers - • exceeded US use 600,000 tons of feed concentrates • $80,000,000 pesticides used yearly • • State owned farms 80% of land • Large monocultures • Unable to feed the population • Imported basic food stuffs • 55% rice • 50% vegetable oil and lard • http://s114.photobucket.com/user/OrangeClouds_115/ media/Cuba/Cienfuegos/100507FincaTractor.jpg.html

INITIAL EFFECTS OF OIL SCARCITY (1991-1996) • Nutrition malnutrition under 5 years old • Pregnant women - anemia • Underweight birth weights • 20lb weight loss/avg. cuban • • Daily guaranteed minimum Prevented hoarding by wealthy • http://www.huffingtonpost.com/wires/2009/03/27/ cubans-complain-about-foo_ws_180076.html

AGRICULTURAL CHANGES • Distribution of land • Land tenure structure • Agroecological principles • Well-Educated https://nacla.org/news/2012/10/18/ urban-agriculture-cuba-photo-essay

DISTRIBUTION OF LAND • Dissolution of state farms • State farm Prior 1993 - 75% arable land • After 1996 - 33% arable land • http://en.mercopress.com/data/cache/noticias/ 22602/0x0/66af99c847007cb2fc691fb049a46c42.jpg

LAND TENURE STRUCTURE • State Sector � GENT GENT - New Type State Farm • FAR - Revolutionary Armed • Forces Farms FAR State EJT EJT - Farms of Young Workers’ • Sector MININT Army MININT - Ministry of the • Interior Workplace Workplace/public institution • Public Institution Self Provisioning •

LAND TENURE STRUCTURE GENT • Non-State Sector State FAR Sector EJT Collective Production • Workplace UBPC - Basic Units of Cooperative • Public Institution Production Non-State Sector UBPC CPA - Agricultural Production • Collective Cooperatives CPA Production Individual Production • CCS CCS - Credit and Service • Non-State Sector Cooperatives Individual in usufruct Individual farmers in usufruct • Production private property Individual farmers, private property •

LAND TENURE STRUCTURE GENT State FAR-EJT Sector MININT Workplace Public Institution Non-State Sector UBPC • Mixed Sector Collective CPA Production • Ventures between state CCS and foreign state Non-State Sector Individual in usufruct Production private property Mixed Sector state/foreign

NON-STATE SECTOR COLLECTIVE GENT • Basic Unit of Cooperative Production State FAR-EJT Sector MININT • Productive units within cooperative structure Workplace Public Institution • In usufruct Non-State Sector UBPC • Maintain original state commercial Collective relationship CPA Production • Use quota system to negotiate prices and production plans CCS Non-State Sector • Surplus sold at farmers market Individual in usufruct • Largest number of individuals Production • 23% sugarcane production - 1995 private property • 52% non-sugarcane UBPC’s Mixed Sector state/foreign profitable - 1995

NON-STATE SECTOR COLLECTIVE GENT State FAR-EJT Sector MININT • Agricultural Production Workplace Cooperatives Public Institution Non-State Sector UBPC • Founded in 1977 Collective CPA Production • Farmers voluntarily united private lands/resources CCS Non-State Sector • Greater production, Individual in usufruct marketing, economic Production private property efficiency Mixed Sector state/foreign

NON-STATE SECTOR INDIVIDUAL GENT • Credit and Service Cooperatives State FAR-EJT • Work independent farms Sector MININT Workplace • Individual property Public Institution • Managed by owner Non-State Sector UBPC • Join to receive credit and services from state Collective agencies CPA Production • Share equipment/machinery • Purchase inputs and sell products at fixed prices CCS through state production and production Non-State Sector contracts Individual in usufruct • Excess production sold in farmers markets Production • 2,709 CCS’s private property • 159,223 individuals Mixed Sector state/foreign • 11.8% total ag land

NON-STATE SECTOR INDIVIDUAL GENT • In usufruct State FAR-EJT Sector MININT • 1993 - families given 27 Workplace hectares of land Public Institution Non-State Sector UBPC • Urban areas - 0.25 hectares Collective for food production CPA Production • Grow specialty crops - coffee, CCS tobacco, cocoa Non-State Sector Individual in usufruct Excess sold at farmer’s market • Production private property • 1996 - grew from 0 - 43,015 farmers Mixed Sector state/foreign

NON-STATE SECTOR INDIVIDUAL GENT • Home production State FAR-EJT Sector MININT Necessity • Workplace Public Institution Converted all arable land in city • Non-State Sector UBPC Vacant lots - orchards, gardens Collective • CPA Production Significant source of food • production CCS Non-State Sector Oct 1993 - 2 Australian • Individual in usufruct permaculturists Production private property Rooftop gardens • Mixed Sector state/foreign Train the trainer •

NON STATE SECTOR INDIVIDUAL • Urban gardens - 2006 • Supplied 50% of Havana needs of 2.2 million • Small cities and towns - 80% - 100% of fruits and vegetables • Reduces transportation needs • 5km around city considered urban agriculture • 140,000 individuals employed https://nacla.org/news/2012/10/18/urban- agriculture-cuba-photo-essay

INTRODUCTION OF THE FREE MARKET PRICE SYSTEM • Previously distribution/marketing of agricultural products by state • 1980-1986 - free market farmers’ market experiment • 1994 - reintroduction of free market - short term solution • Surplus production sold at supply and demand prices • Increased production and efficiency • Led to greater availability of food • Farmers are now one of the highest paid fields in Cuba http://www.bengalatravel.com/en/ lugares_interes_cuba/agromercado-de-19-y-42

FREE MARKET PRICE SYSTEM • Agromercados • 2009 - 45,500 new land grants permitted • Goal - increase domestic food production • 2010 - 71% of value and 70% of volume in agromercados provided by private producers http://www.martinoticias.com/content/mercado- ventas-poblacion-cuba-escasez-alimentos/20850.html

AGROECOLOGY • Required to be self- sustained • Sustainable practices • Ecological Pest Management • Intercropping • Animal Traction • Organic Soil Management • Crop/livestock integration - not discussed http://ecosocialismcanada.blogspot.com/2010/07/ learning-from-socialists-agroecology-in.html

AGROECOLOGY ECOLOGICAL PEST MANAGEMENT • Reduction/elimination of synthetic pest and weed management • Started in 1980 • Interim plant protection • Pest predators and pathogens - natural enemies - greatest success • Antagonists • Crop rotation • Intercropping • Integrated Pest Management • Costs - 1,172,495 pesos biological controls - $6,175,345 chemical management • Tremendous savings and money went to Cuba instead of international companies http://www.agriculturesnetwork.org/magazines/ global/fighting-back-with-ipm/food-security-and-local- production-of

AGROECOLOGY INTERCOPPING • Multiple crops in same field in same year • Crops act as: • Physical barriers to pest movement • Odors/colors confuse pests • Intercropped • 40% of cassava • 60% of maize • 80% beans http://www.hardrainproject.com/hrpl?n=4491

AGROECOLOGY ANIMAL TRACTION • Decreases soil compaction • Appropriate to small farms • Decreases soil erosion • Developed new “multi-plow” • Opens soil horizontally • Does not invert topsoil layer Plowing • Sowing • Harrowing • Covering • Ridging • Hilling • Tilling • http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2003-4/2003-4-01.htm

AGROECOLOGY ORGANIC SOIL MANAGEMENT • Required 3-5 years to make land fertile and productive • Sugarcane residue as Organic Fertilizers • Biofertilizers • Bacteria • Manure, Compost, “Bioearth”, Earthworm Humus • Green Manures http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/ photos/000/194/cache/energy-low-energy- farming_19446_600x450.jpg