COVID-19: Focus on Emerging Constitutional Challenges April 15, - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

COVID-19: Focus on Emerging Constitutional Challenges April 15, 2020 Co-sponsored by: 1

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Moderator Kayleen Klarich , Marketing and Membership Manager, the Network for Public Health Law – National Office ▪ Areas of expertise: ▪ Development and execution of marketing strategies ▪ Management of organizational membership programs 3

Presenter James G. Hodge, Jr. , Director, Network for Public Health Law - Western Region; the Peter Kiewit Foundation Professor of Law and Director, Center for Public Health Law and Policy, ASU Sandra Day O’Connor College of Law ▪ J.D., Salmon P. Chase College of Law (KY) ▪ LL.M., Georgetown University Law Center ▪ Research interests/areas of expertise: ▪ Emergency Legal Preparedness & Response ▪ Vaccinations ▪ Preemption ▪ Emerging Infectious Diseases ▪ Constitutional Rights and Structural Principles 4

Emergency Legal Preparedness in Response to COVID-19: Focus on Constitutional Issues April 14, 2020 James G. Hodge, Jr., J.D., L.L.M. Peter Kiewit Foundation Professor of Law Director, Western Region Office, Network for Public Health Law ASU Sandra Day O’Connor College of Law james.hodge.1@asu.edu

Acknowledgements ▪ Erica N. White, JD Candidate, ASU ▪ Michelle Notrica, PharmD, JD, MPH ▪ Claudia Reeves, JD Candidate, ASU ▪ Katherine Farrell Ginsbach, MS, JD 6

Contents • COVID-19 Epi and Emergency Assessments • Constitutional Balancing • Structural facets • Rights-based issues • Assessment of Constitutional Challenges • Questions/comments 7

COVID-19 Global Distribution Total Confirmed Deaths >: 120,450 = Mortality Total Confirmed Cases >: 1,930,780 Rate 6.2% 8 Image Source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/locations-confirmed-cases.html

U.S. Cases of COVID-19 Total Confirmed Cases > 587,173 Total Deaths > 23,644 9 9 Source: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/us/coronavirus-us-cases.html

Multi-level Emergencies Public health authorities, powers, liabilities & immunities vary depending on the type of emergency declared at each level of government WHO Public Health Emergency Declarations Emergency of Int’l Concern by Foreign Governments International January 30, 2020 Ongoing HHS Public Health Stafford Act or National Federal Emergencies Act Emergency March 13, 2020 January 31, 2020 Emergency or Public Health State/Tribal Disaster Emergency Public Emergency or Local Health Disaster Emergency 10

COVID State and Select Tribal/Local Declarations of Emergency Mason Co. 3/6 Des Moines 3/6 Click on the date of each state to view declarations Edmond 3/5 Auburn 3/6 Cowlitz Co. 3/4 Bellevue 3/3 Snohomish Co. 3/4 Umatilla Reservation 3/4 Minneapolis (MN) 3/16 Pierce Co. 3/6 Kitsap Co. 3/9 Lummi Nation 3/3 Milwaukee (WI) 3/13 Whatcom Co. 3/10 Redmond 3/3 Seattle 3/3 Oglala Sioux Tribe 3/11 Boston (MA) 3/15 Kansas City St. Paul (MN) 3/15 Northern Arapaho 3/11 Seattle-King Co. 2/29 Cooke Co. (IL) 3/9 (MO) 3/12 Cuyahoga Co. Washington Co. 3/4 WA McHenry Co. (IL) 3/11 (OH) 3/12 3/12 2/29 Clackamas Co. 3/2 Cincinnati VT ME Hoopa Valley Tribe 3/4 MT Montgomery ND (OH) 3/11 3/13 3/13 Sacramento Co. 3/4 3/12 Co. (PA) 3/9 MN Nevada Co. 3/4 OR Delaware Co. NH 3/8 3/13 ID 3/7 Santa Rosa 3/2 (PA) 3/9 3/13 3/13 SD WI NY 3/13 3/10 Solano Co. 2/27 3/10 3/12 3/10 WY Marin Co. 3/3 MI RI 3/9 3/13 Mendocino Co. 3/4 3/9 New PA 3/6 IA 3/9 Sonoma Co. 3/2 NE 3/13 3/9 York NV OH Placer Co. 3/3 3/9 3/5 3/16 IN DE City 3/12 IL Santa Cruz Co. 3/2 UT WV 3/6 3/12 3/12 Alameda Co. 2/19 CO CA 3/6 VA D.C. MO 3/4 3/12 KS San Fran City 2/25 3/10 3/4 KY 3/11 3/13 3/12 Santa Clara Co. 2/10 3/6 Lexington (KY) NC Los Angeles Co. 3/4 3/6 TN 3/12 3/10 Los Angeles 3/4 3/11 AZ OK 3/15 Pasadena 3/4 NM AR SC Long Beach 3/4 3/11 3/13 3/11 Orange Co. 2/27 GA AL San Diego Co. 2/19 MS 3/14 3/13 3/14 TX LA Salt Lake Co. (UT) 3/6 3/13 3/11 Emergency - 33 Salt Lake City (UT) 3/11 Navajo Nation 3/11 FL Disaster - 4 Eagle Co. (UT) 3/7 3/1 San Antonio 3/2 Houston 3/11 Broward Co. 3/10 Phoenix (AZ) 3/13 Bexar Co. 3/2 3/9 Public Health Miami-Dade Co. 3/11 Austin 3/6 Emergency/Disaster - 9 Travis Co. 3/6 Emergency + Public Health Emergency - 4 AK – Alaska Co. of Hawai’i 2/28 Public Health Disaster 3/11 Honolulu Co. 3/4 County/City Emergency 3/4 HI - Hawaii Maui, Kaua’i 3/4 Link here for updates re: jurisdictional PR - (Puerto Rico) Emergency 3/12 11 Tribal requests for FEMA disaster relief VI - (Virgin Islands) Emergency 3/13

Legal Triage In Emergencies Legal Triage : efforts of legal actors & others Legal Triage during declared Government emergencies to build a favorable legal Laws Actors environment by prioritizing issues & From this . . solutions facilitating Partners legitimate public health . responses 12

Emerging Legal Issues Emergency Powers - Triage Testing/ Screening/ Crisis Treatment Standards of Care Topics Surveillance Social & Reporting Distancing Measures Privacy Liability 13

Social Distancing Measures Control modes of transport- ation Increase Shelter-in- distance place/ among Lockdown workers Dismiss Curfew schools Restrict Evacuation public gatherings Isolation & quarantine 14

Contents • COVID-19 Epi and Emergency Assessments • Constitutional Balancing • Structural facets • Rights-based issues • Assessment of Constitutional Challenges • Questions/comments 15

U.S. Constitution Divides gov’t power State & Federal Local Separates government branches Legislative Executive Judicial Protects individual rights from government interference Due Right to Equal Rights process privacy: Protection: Takings: against cruel rights to life , 5 th , 9 th , 14 th 5 th Amdt. 14 th Amdt. Freedom of and unusual liberty, or Amdts. Expression & punishment: Right to property : Assembly : 8 th Amdt. Rights to 5 th and 14 th bear arms: 1 st Amdt. travel 2 nd Amdt 16 Amdts.

Array of Constitutional Issues Judicial Preemption Separation of Supremacy Federalism Deference Powers Freedom of Right to Freedom of Freedom of Due Process Assembly Privacy Religion Expression Cruel & Takings Equal Right to Right to Bear Unusual Protection Travel Arms 17 Punishment

Constitutional Cohesion 18 Structural principles and individual rights intersect regularly in authorizing or limiting public health powers and duties across all levels of government. Constitutional Structural Constitutional Cohesion Principles Individual Rights 18

Constitutional Cohesion 19 Use of individual-rights arguments to counter structural limitations Jacobson v. Massachusetts (1905) Judicial review is appropriate in emergencies “if a statute purporting to have been enacted to protect the public health, . . . has no real or substantial relation to those objects, or is, beyond all question, a plain, palpable invasion of rights . . . .” 19

Toward Recognition of a Right 20

Constitutional Recalibration Religious Privacy Surveillance Treatment Freedoms Communal Individual Interests Interests Due Equal Isolation & Curfews & Process Protection Quarantine Closures Emergency Preparedness and Response 21

Constitutional Levels of Scrutiny EQUAL SUBSTANTIVE LEVEL REQUIRES PROTECTION DUE PROCESS Compelling Fundamental Race, national government rights: origin/ethnicity, interest + STRICT procreation, Suspect classes narrow travel, marriage tailoring Gender, Quasi- Substantial illegitimate fundamental relationship to HEIGHT- important gov’t ENED children; quasi- rights (bodily suspect classes integrity) objective Rational MINIMAL Any other All other relationship to (RATIONAL infringement classifications legitimate state BASIS) interest 22

Contents • COVID-19 Epi and Emergency Assessments • Constitutional Balancing • Structural facets • Rights-based issues • Assessment of Constitutional Challenges • Questions/comments 23

A Chorus of Claims 24

COVID Constitutional Issues – Honorable Mentions • Home Rule Limitations in South Carolina • Questioning Stay Home Orders in Idaho • Ankling Recalcitrants in Kentucky • Revisiting Rights of the Accused in Texas • Church Receipt of COVID Funds in DC • Habeas Corpus for Juveniles in New York • Challenging Beach Closings in Florida • Rights to Assemble in New Hampshire 25

COVID Con Law Issues – Top 10 Quarantine & Isolation WA VT NH MT Prisons ME ND OR ID MN Takings MA SD WI NY RI WY MI CT PA Travel IA NJ NE NV DE OH Limits IN IL UT MD CA CO WV VA DC KS MO KY National v. NC State Powers TN Gun Shop AZ OK NM AR Closures SC GA AL MS Religious Airport TX LA Congregations Assessments Crisis FL Standards Reproductive of Care Rights 26