Coun try Report I di M India Meteorolog l gical Department i l D by y M K G upta Scient tist-E India Meteorologi ical Department Pun Pun ne ne
Historic Historic cal facts cal facts • Modest beginning in 1875 Modest beginning in 1875 • Progressively expanded its infrastruc cture for meteorological observations, communications, forecasting and weath her services. • It has achieved a parallel scientific grow wth. • IMD has always used contemporary tec chnology. In the telegraph age, it made extensive use of weather telegrams for collecting observational data and sending warnings. • IMD became the first organisation in • IMD became the first organisation in n India to have a message switching n India to have a message switching computer for supporting its global data exchange. • One of the first few electronic comp p puters introduced in the country was y provided to IMD for scientific applicatio ns in meteorology. • India was the first developing cou ntry in the world to have its own geostationary satellite, INSAT, for cont geostationary satellite INSAT for cont inuous weather monitoring of this part inuous weather monitoring of this part of the globe and particularly for cyclone e warning.
(All instrument certified (All instrument certified and maintained by IMD) and maintained by IMD) No. of Syn. Obsn. Type of No. of observatories Total No. of & & observa- observa a- Depart- Non- Reporting tories tories mental depart- mental Class I 144 - 144 4 or 8 observations daily Communicating in real-time Class II Cl II 55 55 276 276 331 331 2 observations daily 2 b ti d il Communicating in real-time Class III Nil 02 02 one observations daily C Communicating in non-real-time bi-monthly i ti i l ti bi thl Class IV Nil 10 10 0ne-two sets of obsn except Pressure Communicating in non-real-time monthly Daily-Rainfall observation Class V Nil 213 213 Communication daily / bi-monthly / weekly Obsn. for specific purpose Class VI 03 04 07 FMO Nil 363 363 two rainfall obsn daily Communicating in real-tine Experimental Met. obsy. EMO 01 06 07 Total 203 874 1077
e stations 528 Manned surface
AWS Network AWS Installation continue Installed:425 Planned :675 ARG Installation continue Installed:324 Planned :1350 Planned :1350
• About 1700 Raingauge e stations operated by state governments • • They use data for imme They use data for imme ediate disaster mitigation ediate disaster mitigation due to heavy rain in ad ddition to sharing with IMD IMD • Raingauges are certifie Raingauges are certifie ed by IMD before ed by IMD before installation.
Upper Air & pp PB Stations Time and frequency of observations Rawin sonde ‐ 26 GPS Radiosonde ‐ 11 GPS Radiosonde ‐ 11 0000 UTC Radiosonde ‐ 2 1200 UTC. ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Total ‐ 39 0000 UTC and 1200 UTC where Radiosonde observation not taken Pilot Ballon ‐ 64 0600 UTC and 1800 UTC where 0600 UTC and 1800 UTC where Radiosonde observation are taken
r Stations Upper Air pp
on Stations Pilot Balloo
Other obs servations •Radiation Observational Network k – 45 Stations •Hydrometeorological Observatio nal Network -705 Observatories •Aviation Observational Network- 79 Airports •Radiometer sonde Observationa al Network- 8 stations •Ozone Observational Network- Ozone Observational Network Ozone-sonde Observatorie es – 4 stations Surface Ozone Observator ries – 6 stations
Data flow to use ers and archives Surface or Text Synop & TEMP Message th hrough email over AMSS upper-air internet or FTP over VPN stations Socket communication i ti Data entry and file transfer to transfer to NWP NDC RTH (Transmet) M Models Bulletins every Bulletins every 10 min to real ‐ time users Archival Archival after QC at NDC, Pune Regional Meteorological Centres, State Meteorological Centres and 15 international circuits
Tracea Tracea ability ability • India manufacture their own upper- air and surface instruments. • • In-house production facilities at Pun In house production facilities at Pun ne and New Delhi. ne and New Delhi • All instruments are calibrated in ca alibration laboratories at Pune and New Delhi before deployment. New Delhi before deployment • Calibration Lab. maintains national and working standard • Calibration lab. has recognition from m Bureau of Indian Standard. • All instruments at surface stations a are checked and compared once a year with portable standard. i h bl d d • Portable standard are traceable to n national standards. • National standards are also regular rly compared and calibrated against international /WMO standards.
Quality Assurance e & Quality Control • Manual QC is applied at manned syno optic station by comparing with long term normals (Averages) at observer’s intellige ence. • QC algorithms for AWS is under developm ment • SYNOP/TEMP messages are checked f for proper WMO format at communication centres before forwarding to users. Any message found erratic is flagged d for manual correction. • NWP centre uses NCEP’s data assimilati • NWP centre uses NCEP s data assimilati ion package ion package. This has in-built data filtering This has in-built data filtering mechanism using- Gross value check Horizontal & verticle consistency che eck Internal consistency check • NDC uses a suitable software of 10 da ay moving averages for checking errors in meteorological parameters before archiva e eo o og ca pa a e e s be o e a c al. a a Doubtful values are flagged for manu ual check & correction.
Train ning g • The Central Training Institute (C CTI) of the India Meteorological Department (IMD) is situated at Pu une. • Training facilities at New Delhi fo or Upper Air Instrumentation and telecommunication. • Facilities for meteorological tr raining at Pune and New Delhi have been recognized by the WM MO to function as RMTC • Main disciplines- General Meteorology General Meteorology Meteorological instrumentatio on, Telecommunication Telecommunication Agro-meteorology.
Current t issues • Cost of Preventive maintenance an nd spare parts for modern electronic equipments is very high • Availability of spare parts is li mited to its manufacturers, thus increasing dependency on third pa arty services. • Lack of skilled manpower in-ho ouse for maintenance support for modern electronic equipments • Non-availability of quality monitor ing mechanism for AWS and ARG data from large number of stations . • Poor quality of radiosonde data du ue to poor accuracy (repeatability) of baroswitch (pressure sensor)
Future e plans p • Development of algorithms and d software for automatic quality monitoring of AWS and ARG dat ta. • Development of indigenous GPS S radiosonde • Network Expansion for all types of measurement
Sugge gg estions Availability about the JMA m Availability about the JMA m monitoring reports to be widely monitoring reports to be widely publicized. AWS data of IMD may also be in ncluded in the monitoring reports.
Surface stations
e stations (82) RBSN Surface
e stations (44) ) ( RBCN Surface
Upper-Air Stations
RBCN Upper air stations (20)
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