Costs of Centralized and Decentralized Water Systems Vogel, Timothy M., Zagozewski, Rebecca, Fonstad, and McPhedran, Kerry N. Department of Civil, Geological, and Environmental Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan , www.usask.ca
74% of water systems are unable to consistently meet water quality guidelines www.usask.ca Canada. Indian and Northern Affairs Canada issuing, body, and body Neegan Burnside Ltd. issuing. 2011. Saskatchewan regional roll-up report : final .
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“You never know what you’ve got in there. Dead mice and it’s very unhealthy.” “We have to try and ration our water and that’s very hard.” “Cisterns are generally cleaned every year, but it depends on cash flow. And someone to do it.” “I’m scared to look in there sometimes.” - Elders, Saskatchewan First Nation www.usask.ca
“I really like the centralized because it really decreases contamination” “I’ve been here for 30 some years—I do know that we used to get a lot more gastrointestinal problems than today” - Water Treatment Plant Operator, Saskatchewan First Nation www.usask.ca
Criteria Multiplier % Lumber Not Locally Available 2 Locally Available Aggregates (a) Materials 0 Building Supplies Not Locally Available 1 (b) Administration Restricted Lead Time 1 Normal Soil 0 (c) Nature of Site Level and Treed 1 (d) Transportation Road 0 (e) Personnel Semi-skilled and Unskilled Labour 1 (f) Accommodation Within Daily Travel 4 Site Specific Index = ∑(a) * ∑(b) * ∑(c) * ∑(d) * ∑(e) * ∑(f) Cost = (Construction Cost)*(Remoteness Index)*(Site Specific Indices) www.usask.ca INAC. 2005. Cost Reference Manual. edited by Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. Canada: Government of Canada
Updated Formula Modified Cost = Construction Cost + Cost of Illness + Water Truck Maintenance + Increased Road Maintenance + Other Costs www.usask.ca
Gastrointestinal Illness Direct Costs: • Prescriptions • Over the counter medication • Herbal remedies Mild • Visits to health care professionals Indirect Costs: • Lost time and wages for sick and caregivers Severe Moderate • Travel for sick and caregivers $1350 per case $130 annual cost per capita www.usask.ca Henson, S.J., Majowicz, S.E. Masakure, O. Sockett, P.N. Macdougall, L. Edge, V.L. Thomas, M.K. Fyfe, S. Kovacs, J. and Jones, A.Q. 2008. "Estimation of the costs of acute gastrointestinal illness in British Columbia, Canada." Int. J. Food Microbiol. 127 (1-2):43-52.
Low level of reporting Increased Contamination 5% 2.5 x of gastrointestinal more likely to have contamination illnesses are reported than other Canadian communities $390 annual cost per capita www.usask.ca Patrick, R.J. 2011. "Uneven access to safe drinking water for First Nations in Canada: Connecting health and place through source water protection." Health and Place 17 (1):386-389.
Truck and Road Maintenance Vehicle Maintenance Operator Wages Summer Hauling = $88/km Water Delivery Truck = $160,000 Tank Cleaning Winter Hauling = $44/km www.usask.ca Government of Saskatchewan. 2013. Road Maintenance Agreement Rates. edited by Ministry of Highways. Roads and Streets Construction and Maintenance INAC. 2005. Cost Reference Manual. edited by Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. Canada: Government of Canada
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Centralized (Capital Cost) Item Units Quantity Unit Cost ($) Total ($) Installed Pipe 25mm m 1,040 57 59,280 38mm m 18,300 69 1,262,700 $ 3,511,864 50mm m 10,100 80 808,000 75mm m 2,700 100 270,000 100mm m 8,700 118 1,026,600 Isolation Valves 38mm ea. 9 853 7,677 50mm ea. 11 853 9,383 75mm ea. 2 853 1,706 100mm ea. 6 853 5,118 Curbstops ea. 100 278 27,800 Air release valves ea. 6 5,600 33,600 www.usask.ca
Decentralized (Capital Cost) Item Units Quantity Unit Cost Total ($) ($) Cistern (4500L) ea. 100 5460 318,840 $ 1,364,840 546,000 Housing ea. 100 5000 500,000 Connection Water Delivery ea. 2 159,420 Truck www.usask.ca
Decentralized (Annual Cost) Item Units Quantity Unit Cost ($) Total ($) Cost of per capita 500 457 228, 500 Illness $ 569,400 Vehicle per cistern 100 1,000 100,000 Maintenance Road Maintenance km 1825 88 160,600 (summer) Road Maintenance km 1825 44 80,300 (winter) www.usask.ca
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$ 1,000 Vehicle Chemicals Repairs Roads Cleaning Cistern Material Repairs www.usask.ca
Acknowledgement Supervisors: Dr. Kerry McPhedran and Dr. Terry Fonstad School of Public Health: Rebecca Zagozewski and Dr. Lalita Bharadwaj File Hills Qu’apelle Tribal Council Federation of Sovereign Indigenous Nations www.usask.ca
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