Citizen trust in Centralized and decentralized police systems: A tale of tw w rlds GRICHAWAT LOWATCHARIN • JUDITH I STALLMANN Truman School of Public Affairs, University of Missouri RPLC Webinar• March 30 th , 2016
Decentralization De Decentra ralization: FO FOCUS the transfer of power/ OF THIS STUDY OF authority from a higher level of Vertical Decentralization of government to a lower level of General-Purpose Police government (vertical General-purpose police = police decentralization) officers “with full powers of access, arrest, and investigation Since the 1980s, international for any criminal offense organizations have promoted throughout the territory of the and assisted in decentralization authorizing government unit” reforms—particularly, in (Bayley, 1992, p. 517) developing countries March 29, 2016 CENTRALIZED AND DECENTRALIZED POLICE SYSTEMS 2
Context of Policing in Thailand Least honest public institution (2000) Highest level of corruption (2013) Source: http://122.155.0.199/jabchai/images_joke/3711/3711-1.jpg March 29, 2016 CENTRALIZED AND DECENTRALIZED POLICE SYSTEMS 3
History of Thai Police Reforms Two major reforms in modern history Thailand started decentralizing powers 1933 1998-2004 to local governments Integrated RTP in the 1990s various police transferred agencies into the Office of 238 public Ministry of the the Prime goods/services Interior Minister decentralized; no Office of the police services Ministry of prime minister interior Structure of Ro Royal Thai Police Department Royal Thai Police Po Police (RTP) P) remains accountability, Source: http://www.facebook.com highl hi hly centralize zed effectiveness, Efficiency, responsiveness, public participation March 29, 2016 CENTRALIZED AND DECENTRALIZED POLICE SYSTEMS 4
Recent Proposals for Reforms 2006 2011 Self-governing Police Reform Chiang Mai Committee Movement 2014 2014 Decentralization Student and People’s of police services from the People Network Democratic national government for Thailand’s Reform to the local governments Reform Committee March 29, 2016 CENTRALIZED AND DECENTRALIZED POLICE SYSTEMS 5
A Call for Research Centralization/ 1980s-1990s 2010s decentralization of police services is a Study of the police More studies of the common policy issue systems was relatively police systems; mostly for countries around new descriptive the world Some descriptive case Lack of standardized Brazil Mexico Philippines studies; very few typology of police comparative studies systems South Korea Thailand Venezuela More comparative, Difficult to conduct generalizable empirical empirical studies There is a gap in needed (Bayley, 1992) comparative studies empirical research March 29, 2016 CENTRALIZED AND DECENTRALIZED POLICE SYSTEMS 6
Decentralization in more/less developed countries Decentralization has Research finds di differences between stronger hist st storical roots in th the more developed and less VS developed countries than developed countries in: de in developing countries Technological accumulation and production capacity (Mills et al., 1990; B. C. (Bell & Pavitt, 1997) Smith, 1985) Human capital Decentralization in most (Noorbakhsh & Paloni, 2001) developing countries Governance capacity began in the 1970s or later (Strauss, 2001) (Cheema & Rondinelli, Administration of police services (Das, 2006; Kurian, 2006; Sullivan, 2007) 2005) March 29, 2016 CENTRALIZED AND DECENTRALIZED POLICE SYSTEMS 7
Objectives To develop a ty typo pology of po police syste tems based on 1 the theories/concepts of new institutionalism, decentralization, and fiscal federalism To ex examin ine e the e ef effec ect polic ice e system ems on citizen 2 trust in the police via empirical analyses of 72 countries To examine the effect police systems on 3 citizen trust in the police in the mo more and less de developed d countries March 29, 2016 CENTRALIZED AND DECENTRALIZED POLICE SYSTEMS 8
Framing a New Typology Administrative Decentralization: transfer Ad of managerial/supervisory responsibility (e.g., planning, management, resource allocation) Political Decentralization: transfer of Po decision-making authority to lower level of government DECENTRALIZATION OF PUBLIC GOODS Fiscal Decentralization: transfer of AND SERVICES Fi $ $ authority for revenue generation, $ allocation, and expenditure for the provision of public services March 29, 2016 CENTRALIZED AND DECENTRALIZED POLICE SYSTEMS 9
New Typology of Police Systems POLICE DECENTRALIZATION INDEX PDI = / B A (PDI) measures the varying degrees of police decentralization Thailand United States Based on the following components: A B C Federal Government National States Government $ $ $ Counties PAOs Municipalities Municipalities TIERS OF TIERS OF TIERS OF PDI = 1.00 PDI = 0.33 GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT WITH GOVERNMENT WITH POLITICAL/ADMIN. FISCAL CONTROL CONTROL OVER POLICE OVER POLICE March 29, 2016 CENTRALIZED AND DECENTRALIZED POLICE SYSTEMS 10
Canada Canada Police Operational Jurisdiction Tiers of Government National Regional Local Contract Out Federal Royal Canadian Government Mounted Police Own Provincial Contract Out TIERS OF TIERS OF Police Forces*** Provinces and GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT or Territories Contracted-Out WITH POLICE Police Forces 5 4 Supra-regional Councils* Regional Regional Police Contract Out Councils** Forces Own Municipal Police Forces**** PDI = 0.80 or Municipalities Contracted-Out Municipal Police * Two in Quebec. ** British Columbia, Ontario, and Quebec; names vary, i.e. regional, supra-local, and metropolitan authorities.*** Ontario and Quebec. **** Larger municipalities. March 29, 2016 CENTRALIZED AND DECENTRALIZED POLICE SYSTEMS 11
March 29, 2016 CENTRALIZED AND DECENTRALIZED POLICE SYSTEMS 12
Theoretical Framework centralized police system to a de decentralized one A move from a ce denotes an in instit itutio ional change that is hypothesized to lead to ch changes ior and performance of the police in behavio in Decentralization is Decentralized Institutions provide more responsive to provision of public information and citizens’ goods/services affect individual’s preferences, and reveals citizen behavior and enhances preference/demand performance accountability and and enhances responsiveness efficiency NEW DECENTRALIZATION FISCAL FEDERALSIM INSTITUTIONALISM March 29, 2016 CENTRALIZED AND DECENTRALIZED POLICE SYSTEMS 13
Hypotheses H1 72 COUNTRIES Higher level of citizen trust in the police (+ relationship) H2 COUNTRIES COMPARISON More developed countries DECENTRALIZED will have higher level of POLICE SYSTEM citizen trust in the police than less developed VS countries March 29, 2016 CENTRALIZED AND DECENTRALIZED POLICE SYSTEMS 14
Empirical Analysis DATA VARIABLES Unbalanced panel data ENTITY Dependent Variable TIME Y Citizen trust in police (%) 72 12 countries years Independent Variable X TOTAL OBSERVATION Police decentralization index 321 Control Variables C country-years Governance measures Environmental measures Select Sources of Data Socio-economic measures Demographic measures Geographic measures March 29, 2016 CENTRALIZED AND DECENTRALIZED POLICE SYSTEMS 15
Empirical Analysis (cont.) One-way (year) More Developed Less Developed MODELS random effects 1 Australia 1 Albania 25 Jordan 2 Austria 2 Argentina 26 Kazakhstan 3 Belgium 3 Azerbaijan 27 Kenya 72 countries 1 4 Canada 4 Bangladesh 28 Latvia 5 Czech Republic 5 Belarus 29 Lithuania 6 Denmark 6 Bolivia 30 Mauritius 7 Finland 7 Brazil 31 Mexico More developed countries (24) 2 8 France 8 Bulgaria 32 Moldova 9 Germany 9 Chile 33 Morocco Human Development Index ≥ 0.8 10 Ireland 10 Colombia 34 Nicaragua 11 Israel 11 Costa Rica 35 Panama Less developed countries (48) 3 12 Italy 12 Croatia 36 Paraguay 13 Japan 13 Dominican Republic 37 Peru Human Development Index < 0.8 14 Korea, Rep. 14 Ecuador 38 Philippines 15 Luxembourg 15 El Salvador 39 Poland 16 Netherlands 16 Estonia 40 Portugal Less More 17 New Zealand 17 Georgia 41 Russian Federation Developed Developed 18 Norway 18 Greece 42 Thailand 19 Slovenia 19 Guatemala 43 Trinidad and Tobago 20 Spain 20 Honduras 44 Turkey 21 Sweden 21 Hungary 45 Uganda 22 Switzerland 22 India 46 Ukraine 23 United Kingdom 23 Indonesia 47 Uruguay 24 United States 24 Jamaica 48 Venezuela March 29, 2016 CENTRALIZED AND DECENTRALIZED POLICE SYSTEMS 16
Recommend
More recommend
