Cooling Energy Efficiency & Role of Refrigerants in India Life - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Cooling Energy Efficiency & Role of Refrigerants in India

Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP) - To Measure Environment Impact Direct Global LCCP Indirect Global Warming Warming Holistic Approach:  Safety Energy Refrigerant Consumpt  Performance Leakage ion  Environment  Economics 1. Leak Rate Energy 2. Charge Amount Consumed 3. Refrigerant GWP Energy Consumption has 95 to 98 % impact on Environment Source: Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc.

Regulations Energy Labeling Refrigerants E – Waste Phase out/ Management down Product

Room AC energy efficiency  Mandatory Labeling program from 2010,  Star rating revised 4 times with improved energy efficiency requirements  Highest efficiency increased significantly vs base pre-labeling to 2018  Developed nations took much longer  Sales maximum for of 3 star products and for 5 Star around 20%  Cost increasing due to enhanced energy efficiency  Break through technology for high energy efficiency at affordable cost required

Room AC energy efficiency Star Label Up-gradation for Room AC 2006-2013 2014-2015 2016-2017 2018-2019 Star 1 Star 1 Star 1 Star 1 Star 2 Star 2 Star 2 Star 2 Star 3 Star 3 Star 3 Star 3 Star 4 Star 4 Star 4 Star 4 Star 5 Star 5 Star 5 Star 5 Energy Efficiency Enhancement 1 Star 2 Star 3 Star 4 Star 5 Star 2011 (COP) 2.30 2.50 2.70 2.90 3.10 4.50 (  45%) 2018 – 2019 (ISEER*) 3.10 3.30 3.50 4.00 *CSPF as per ISO 16358 with India specific temperature bin of 24-43 ℃

Historical Regulatory Improvements Commercial Buildings ASHRAE 90.1 New Construction Commercial Efficiency Requirements 120% 90A-1980 90-75 90.1-2001 90.1-1989 90.1-1999 100% 90.1-2004 90.1-2007 Energy Use Index (1975 Use =100) 90.1-2010 Chart is based on data from the DOE/PNNL 80% Progress Studies, ASHRAE 90.1 Strategic 90.1-2013 Plan, and ASHRAE BOD goals, and of 90.1-2016 ASHRAE 90.1 and Equipment Efficiency 150 Ton AC Chiller Historical Improvements 90.1-2019 Est 60% 10 Ton Rooftop 500 Ton WC Chiller Path B 40% Path B 90.1-2022 Est 90.1-2025Est 20% 90.1-2028? 90.1-2031 (BOD Goal) Historical Whole Building Savings Future Target 0% 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 6 Year

Understanding Efficiency Metrics Hospital Zone 4a Large Office Zone 4a • Industry historically focused on full load metrics at a common design conditions • Commercial buildings spend most of their operating hours at part load and reduced ambient and new metrics like IPLV and IEER are more appropriate for equipment selection • The world has different climate conditions and although standards mostly use one common design conditions local climatic conditions need to be considered (sensible and latent) Building Models from ASHRAE 90.1 Reference Buildings • Efficiency metrics are typical defined at a component level at standard rating conditions but ASHRAE 169-2013 new do not always consider the full system and are not climate zones a good metric for system type selection Total of 19 zones with 9 • Ductwork pressure drop and airflow controls thermal zones and 3 subzones • Cooling tower approach and selection for humidity • Hybrid systems (economizers, free cooling, ASHRAE has also defined energy recovery, evaporative cooling, benchmark cities for each of ventilation air control, etc. the climate zones • Operational and Occupancy Controls

India Chiller Labelling program India Star Labelling Program India Chiller Standard Capacity Min. ISEER (kW) COP 1 Star 2 Star 3 Star 4 Star 5 Star WC Chillers <260 4.20 4.8 5.2 5.6 6.1 6.6 >=260 & <530 4.70 5.0 5.6 6.2 6.8 7.4 >=530 & <1050 5.00 5.5 6.1 6.7 7.4 8.2 >=1050 & <1580 5.20 5.8 6.5 7.2 7.9 8.7 >=1580 5.60 6.0 6.7 7.4 8.2 9.0 * ** *** **** ***** AC Chillers <260 2.40 3.0 3.3 3.6 4.0 4.4 >=260 2.60 3.1 3.5 3.9 4.3 4.7

Improving Efficiency of Existing HVAC&R Systems • Building Inspection/Energy Audit – Complete a full inspection of the building and it’s energy use. ASHRAE has a standard called ASHRAE 211-2011 that includes procedures for level 1, 2, and 3 audits. A 2018 update is in progress and should be released later this year. • The audit data should be used to look at all the buildings energy use and not just the HVAC&R as plug load energy use. Also look closely at ventilation air requirements and operation. • Climate zones will have an impact on where to focus (i.e. hot/cold, humid/dry) • Review occupancy and building use and make sure it is still aligned with the original HVAC designs. • Recommissioning – In the US, as well as globally, we are beginning to see significant benefits by recommissioning the system, also using continuous commissioning and monitoring/diagnostics. (i.e. Seattle recently passed requirements for recommissioning every 5 years, Singapore has demonstrated significant savings, and green building standards are making monitoring of large system mandatory). • Monitoring and connected equipment and buildings is opening many new opportunities for maintaining higher performance buildings. • Controls Upgrades – Implement improvements like proper time of day scheduling (timeclock), occupancy setpoint scheduling, ventilation control (demand ventilation). Also check that controls are functioning properly and have been commissioned and not in manual control mode.

Improving Efficiency of Existing Systems • System Enhancements – Partial upgrades to systems can help improve efficiency • Use of variable speed fans/2 speed fans . For commercial system indoor fan power can be one of the largest loads due to continuous occupied operation for ventilation. Just a 66% speed of an indoor fan can reduce fan power by 70%. Be sure to coordinate with original equipment manufacturers to avoid reliability issues. • Add economizers and or free cooling options. A recent survey conducted by AHRI indicated that only 42% of units are installed with free cooling and the number should be closer to 70 to 80% based on energy and economic studies • Air Economizer – Use outside air for cooling • Hydronic/Fluid – Use cooling tower on water cooled system for cooling • Refrigerant Cycle Economizers – cooling without the compressor at lower ambient • Energy Recovery - For very hot and cold climates using higher levels of ventilation exhaust air energy recovery can reduce loads as well as in large buildings internal energy recovery can provide benefits for heating as well as domestic water. • Evaporative Cooling – In dry climates (B zones) evaporative cooling for condenser air and for ventilation air can add significant energy savings. Care should be to insure corrosion issues are not created with condenser coils and that there is proper water treatment

Improving Efficiency of Existing Systems ASHRAE 90.1 New Construction Commercial Efficiency Requirements 120% 90A-1980 90-75 110% 90.1-2001 90.1-1989 90.1-1999 At some point replacing equipment should be considered 100% 90.1-2004 90.1-2007 Energy Use Index (1975 Use =100) 90% 90.1-2010 • With the significant performance improvements due to regulations, equipment in the 10 year old 80% 90.1-2013 90.1-2016 70% range can have an acceptable payback, and there is the added benefit of a refrigerant change to 60% 90.1-2019 Goal lower GWP options. 50% • Note in most cases the new low GWP refrigerants are not a drop-in 40% 90.1-2022 Est • 30% We sometimes see resistance to replacement due to US tax laws (depreciated life of 39 90.1-2025Est 20% 90.1-2028? years), plus internal company capital limits (revised as of 2018 which allows first year 90.1-2031 (BOD Goal) 10% Historical Whole Building Savings Future Target expensing) 0% 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 • There is some discussion of making HVAC part of the building asset value Year • In the US there are significant rebate programs that can often help with system upgrades HP/GPM Full Load & IPLV Pumping Power (2020) especially for higher Tier efficiency requirements, but you have to know where to look and Water Cooled Chiller comply with the requirements. US Utilities see efficiency improvements easier to implement then Cooling Tower Approach new power plants. Similar program needed for India Pumping Piping Losses Cycles of Concentration Power (2020) HP/GPM Pumping Full Load & IPLV • When doing a unit upgrade the complete system should also be considered Power (2020) Piping Losses Water Cooled Chiller • Cooling tower upgrades for water cooled systems Cooling Tower Approach • Free cooling options, heat reclaim and hybrid systems Pumping • System Level Controls Power (2020) Pumping Renewable energy interface including storage Cycles of Concentration Power (2020) Commissioning Diagnostics • Look at plug loads Energy Recovery Full Load Full Load Effectiveness Fan Efficiency • Piping Losses Variable speed airflow and variable speed water flow Economizers/Ventilation Cabinet Leakage • Controls and monitoring Duct Leakage Full Load Duct Losses • Motor Efficiency Multiple unit sequencing Building Leakage T erminal • T erminal T erminal T erminal T erminal Also consider load data (Energy Audits) and possible resizing of equipment Terminal Performance CO2 Setpoint Control Demand Ventilation Setpoint Component Requirements Defined Future Requirements No requirements Annualized or part load metric