Content Research Motivation The assessment framework of TWMIEA - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Developing an I ntegrated E nvironmental A ssessment model for T aiwan W aste M anagement System Chia-Wei Chao, Hwong-Wen Ma, Ming-Lung Hung Environmental Systems Research Lab Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering National Taiwan University

Content � Research Motivation � The assessment framework of TWMIEA � Introduction of TWMIEA model Inventory Database � Impact Assessment � � Case Study � Conclusion

The Evolvement of Waste Management Management Paradigms Taiwan’s Policy The early Isolating the municipal waste from 80’s citizens’ daily life by sanitary landfills Encouraging the Incinerators construction, incineration The gradually becomes main 90’s treatment technology. The “ Zero Waste ” is adopted as the Since core concept in the new waste 2003 management Integrating “Resource Recycling Act” 2007~ and “Waste Disposal Act” , moving to the Recycle-Oriented society

IEA and Waste Management Monkhouse and Farmer (2003) � Life Cycle Approach is the key tool. � A new approach linking material consumption and waste stream generation is needed.

LCA Model for Waste Management Model Developer/Country Inventory Data Uncertainty Impact Sources analysis Assessment MSW-DST RTI&EPA/US Local Survey None None ORWARE KTH/ Sweden Local Survey None None WISARD Ecobilan/UK Local None None Database IWM-1/IWM-2 P&G/ U.K. Existing None None Database ISWM Tools CSR/Canada Existing None None Database EASEWASTE DTU/ Denmark Local None TI (EDIP97) Database WASTED Ryerson Unv. Existing None None /Canada Database LCA-IWM EU project Local Survey None TI(CML2000)

The Limitations of WM-LCA Model MFA/ SFA � Issue of credibility on inventory analysis Divergence between WM-LCA models. � � The limitation of waste stream projection and scenario analysis. � Limitation of impact assessment The site-dependent information is excluded � Traditional toxicity impact assessment methods � are simplified. Human Health Risk Assessment

The Assessment Framework of TWMIEA

Assessment Framework Innovation � The framework is developed based on LCA � Integrating MFA into scenario analysis to identify the waste flow � Tracing the specific toxic substance by SFA

A simplified HRA is used to evaluate human toxicity impact

Establishing the TWMIEA Model

The Elements of TWMIEA TWMIEA = Scenario Analysis + LCI for Taiwan WM + LCIA for Taiwan Completed Uncompleted � Integrating SFA into � Waste Flows Projection Inventory analysis � Probabilistic inventory � Not all site-dependent impact databases localized � Localized impact � Lack of weighting factor assessment methods � Uncertainty Analysis

Scenario Analysis � Waste amount Prediction � Waste Flow Identification � Screening most suitable reference site by applying � Using MFA to assess the artificial neural network waste distribution among (ANN). individual subsystems. � Using the regression � Evaluating the change of model to simulate future waste flow based on key waste generation. design parameters.

Inventory Analysis � Building the probabilistic Inventory databse � Step 1. Classify input parameters according to the data quantities and sources � Step 2. Assign distribution forms to parameters � Calculating the probability distributions based on measurement data. � Assign probability distribution based on subjective data quality indicators. � More than 180 pollutants and resource included.

Inventory Analysis Inventory Data Source Local Survey ISWM IWM-2 LCA-IWM Other Literature Collection & Transportation V V Sorting- MRF V Composting V Bio-gasification V Hog-feeding V Incineration V V RDF V Gasification Landfill V V V V Recycling V V V Ash Treatment Electricity Production V Fertilizer production V V V Corn Feed production V

Data Quality Indicator Inventory Analysis Inventory Data Set

Impact Assessment Impact Categories and Characterization Model Impact Categories Category Indicator Characterization Model Human toxicity kg-eq Bezene air (carcinogenic) CalTOX with local parameters kg-eq Toluene air (non- carcinogenic ) person/m 3 -kg-eq Bezene air Human toxicity Air Dispersion (site-dependent) (carcinogenic) model(ISCST3) + CalTOX person/m 3 -kg-eq Toluene air with local data (non- carcinogenic ) Respiratory kg-eq PM2.5 air TRACi Photochemical Smog kg-eq NOx (air) TRACi Aquatic ecotoxicity kg-eq 2,4-D (water) Fate: CalTOX + Terrestrial ecotoxicity kg-eq 2,4-D (soil) Effect : AMI (Payet,2002) — limited Aquatic eutrophication kg-eq PO 4 IMPACT2002+ Aquatic acidification kg-eq SO 2 IMPACT2002+ Land use Modified Land Use Index Based on the criteria of EIA process identified by TEPA Global warming kgeq CO2 into air IPCC(2001) Ozone layer depletion kg-eq CFCs-11 (air) Latest value from WMO Energy consumption MJ CED by Ecoinvent Mineral extraction MJ surplus Ecoindicator99 m 3 Water consumption -

Site-Dependent Human Toxicity Potential (sd-HTP) � the potential health damage to the total exposed CalTOX population from a unit of chemical released into a number of environment compartments − = × sd HTP IPE HTP ∫ = × ρ IP E C ( A ) ( A d A ) Air Dispersion Model (ISCST 3) sd-HTP : site-dependent Human Toxicity Potential IPE : Incremental Population Exposure C(A): incremental concentration of affected area A ρ (A): population density of affected area A

- Mid-term waste policy for Taoyuan County Case Study

Background � Taoyuan County � Most Waste treated � Population over 1.9 by incinerator. million � Functional Unit : Total � The third-largest Amount Collected per county in Taiwan. year. � The MSW in 2005 � Target Year : 2015 � 1,123 tons per day � 0.591 kg per capita.

Alternatives Description Alter. Business As Reduction Recovery Recycling Usual(BAU) Policy • Follow the • Enforced • The ban of • MRF facility mandated mandated landfill. setting sorting policy. sorting policy • Incineration • Replacing Improvement hog-feeding by anaerobic digestion. Effect • Total Waste • Total Waste • Total waste • Total waste on WM decreases, further amount is as amount is as Stream Recyclables decreases, BAU. BAU. and Bio-waste • Recyclables • Only ash sent • The impurity recycled and Bio-waste to landfill. rate of increases. recycled • Electricity recyclable increases Recovery reduced; and significantly. Factor of 80% of incineration hog-feeding increases. replaced *Baseline year: 2005

Waste Flow Projection 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 ‘ 97 ‘ 01 03 ‘ 05 ‘ 07 ‘ 09 ‘ 11 ‘ 13 ‘ 15

Result Interpretation Quotient of Impact Score I S a l t c , , p = I S b a s e l i n e c , , d v Human Toxicity (Carcinogenic) 600% 500% 400% 300% 200% 100% 0% Baseline Recovery Reduction Recycling BAU -100% 0.95 0.05 0.5 mean Deterministic Value

Main Observations(1) The waste hierarchy is effective under certain circumstance Base Recov Reduc Recycl BAU Choosing the Human toxicity (carcin) 1.0 0.9 0.6 2.9 0.9 Emission Factor Human toxicity (non- 1.0 1.4 2.7 2.4 1.7 of paper recycling carcin ) Respiratory* 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 P emitted to the water Photochemical During hog-feeding. 1.0 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 oxidation* Aquatic ecotoxicity 1.0 1.1 1.4 2.1 1.2 The As and Ni emitted to the soil during Terrestrial ecotoxicity 1.0 0.0 -1.7 3.5 -0.2 the compost utilization Aquatic eutrophication 1.0 1.2 1.8 0.3 1.2 Aquatic acidification 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 Global warming* 1.0 2.1 2.3 1.7 1.6 Ozone layer depletion* 1.0 1.3 1.7 1.5 1.3 Energy Consumption * 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.0 1.2 * Refer to environmental Mineral extraction* 1.0 1.3 1.7 1.5 1.3 benefit

Main Observations(2) � The measurement and regulations of incineration should be reformed � Emission Rate of Incinerator causes the major uncertainty of human health related impact. � The Arsenic should be included in the regulation.

Conclusion

Conclusion � Policy suggestion � Executing the detailed investigation on the hot-spots � Rethinking the criteria of policy formulation � Methodology development � Probabilistic Inventory database � The localized LCIA framework � Integration of LCA and HRA

Special Thanks to: UNEP/SETAC LCInitiative National Science Council Taoyuan County Government