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Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? Conclusions Department of Government London School of Economics and Political Science Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? 1 Mixing methods?! 2 Where do

  1. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? Conclusions Department of Government London School of Economics and Political Science

  2. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? 1 Mixing methods?! 2 Where do we go from here? 3 Where have we been?

  3. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? 1 Mixing methods?! 2 Where do we go from here? 3 Where have we been?

  4. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? What can be mixed? Anything! Either: Methods that complement each other (trade-offs) Methods that can inform each other Common pairings Large-n quantitative and in-depth case studies Process-tracing methods with large-n or medium-n Interviews or archival work with anything else Observational and experimental methods

  5. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? Mixing Methods: Why?

  6. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? Mixing Methods: Why? All research is inadequate

  7. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? Mixing Methods: Why? All research is inadequate Compensate for limitations of a given research design with the strengths of an alternative

  8. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? Mixing Methods: Why? All research is inadequate Compensate for limitations of a given research design with the strengths of an alternative Inform methods decisions with other (provisional) research

  9. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? Mixing Methods: Why? All research is inadequate Compensate for limitations of a given research design with the strengths of an alternative Inform methods decisions with other (provisional) research Strengthen a single causal claim with multiple forms of evidence

  10. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? Mixing Methods: How?

  11. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? Mixing Methods: How? Triangulation Conceptual replication Accumulation

  12. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? Mixing Methods: How? Triangulation Conceptual replication Accumulation Integration “Synergy”

  13. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? Triangulation Definition: approach the same research question, topic, or theory with different types of methods and/or data Goal is replication Do the inferences drawn from different research designs agree?

  14. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? Triangulation Definition: approach the same research question, topic, or theory with different types of methods and/or data Goal is replication Do the inferences drawn from different research designs agree? How would we know if they agree enough ?

  15. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? Triangulation Definition: approach the same research question, topic, or theory with different types of methods and/or data Goal is replication Do the inferences drawn from different research designs agree? How would we know if they agree enough ? What do we conclude from non-replication?

  16. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? Triangulation: Example Brexit Large- n analysis of survey data Analysis of aggregated, district-level results Qualitative interviews and/or focus groups

  17. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? Integration Definition: use one method to theorize or design a study using an additional method(s) Goal is better research design

  18. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? Integration Definition: use one method to theorize or design a study using an additional method(s) Goal is better research design What cases should we study?

  19. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? Integration Definition: use one method to theorize or design a study using an additional method(s) Goal is better research design What cases should we study? What is a reasonable theory?

  20. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? Integration Definition: use one method to theorize or design a study using an additional method(s) Goal is better research design What cases should we study? What is a reasonable theory? How do we measure our concepts?

  21. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? Integration Definition: use one method to theorize or design a study using an additional method(s) Goal is better research design What cases should we study? What is a reasonable theory? How do we measure our concepts? What are plausible mechanisms?

  22. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? Integration Definition: use one method to theorize or design a study using an additional method(s) Goal is better research design What cases should we study? What is a reasonable theory? How do we measure our concepts? What are plausible mechanisms? Have we missed any confounding factors?

  23. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? Integration: Example 1 Brexit: Qualitative driving quantitative Long-form qualitative interviews to identify how Britons think about Brexit Large-n survey analysis that measures concepts identified in interviews

  24. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? Integration: Example 2 Brexit: Quantitative driving qualitative Quantitative analysis regional voting patterns In-depth case studies of: “Typical” cases “Deviant” cases “Extreme” cases

  25. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been?

  26. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? Why does this matter?

  27. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? Why does this matter? Research is messy!

  28. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? Why does this matter? Research is messy! Most findings are probably false!

  29. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? Why does this matter? Research is messy! Most findings are probably false! Contradictory findings drive new research! Scope conditions Heterogeneity Bad conceptualization Bad measurement Bad methods Bad inferences from evidence

  30. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been?

  31. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? 1 Mixing methods?! 2 Where do we go from here? 3 Where have we been?

  32. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? Content analysis, qualitative coding Discourse analysis, framing analysis Quantitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) Focus groups, elite interviewing Archival/historical evidence-gathering Interpretative and post-positivist methods Political theory

  33. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? Factor analysis, principal components, IRT Regression trees, classifiers, SVM K-means clustering, hierarchical clustering Nonparametric statistics Bayesian statistics Time series analysis and panel data Quantitative text analysis GIS, spatial data, mapping “Big data”

  34. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? Continuing Your Research LSE Groups 1 Dissertation (GV390) Some research-based GV3xx courses 1 https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/Teaching-and-Learning-Centre/ TLC-events-and-workshops/LSE-GROUPS 2 https://www.coursera.org/ , https://www.edx.org/ , https://www.datacamp.com/

  35. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? Continuing Your Research LSE Groups 1 Dissertation (GV390) Some research-based GV3xx courses Online education 2 Postgraduate study 1 https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/Teaching-and-Learning-Centre/ TLC-events-and-workshops/LSE-GROUPS 2 https://www.coursera.org/ , https://www.edx.org/ , https://www.datacamp.com/

  36. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been?

  37. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? 1 Mixing methods?! 2 Where do we go from here? 3 Where have we been?

  38. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? Claims Politics is full of claims The credibility of claims depends on the strength of evidence and argument This class aims to give you tools to: make credible claims, and evaluate claims made by others

  39. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? Drawing Inferences Claim(s) Processing Belief(s) Evidence Filter

  40. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? Drawing Inferences Claim(s) Focus of this class Processing Belief(s) Evidence Filter

  41. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? What have we learned since then?

  42. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been?

  43. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? The Exam! What do you think will be on the exam?

  44. Mixing methods?! Where do we go from here? Where have we been? The Exam! The exam has three parts: 1 Short-answer questions 2 Essay analysing/evaluating an empirical article 3 Research proposal section Sample paper is on Moodle.

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