Comprehensive Design & Implementation Approach of Solar Power System in Subtropical Hong Kong Ir Dr Tony Lam Associate Director of Arup CEng, CPEng, MHKIE, WELL Faculty, LEED AP, BEAM Pro ND NB 13 December 2018 CIBSE One-day Seminar on Renewable Energy New Development and Technologies in Hong Kong
Agenda • Context and Role of solar power system • Approach of designing a solar power system • Post-installation evaluation
Climate change is real!
Context and Role of Solar energy system The “Hong Kong's Climate Action Plan 2030+” report, published by the Environment Bureau on January 2017
Context and Role of Solar energy system Solar power system can: • To achieve the goals of carbon emissions • To respond government policies Carbon Footprint of Hong Kong Source: www.climatereadt.gov.hk
Context and Role of Solar energy system World Green Building Council – The Net Zero Carbon Buildings Commitment • 2030 – to reach net zero carbon operating emissions within their portfolios • 2050 – to advocate for all buildings to be net zero carbon in operation
Context and Role of Solar energy system How to make Hong Kong Net Zero Carbon? Existing Condition: 4 3 2 1 Proposed Solutions: 70% LNG 25% PV 100% LNG 50% better BEC for + 10% PV coverage coverage of + 15% PV all bldgs + 50% better BEC for all bldgs HK land coverage + 15% PV coverage + 50% GV Bus Efficient Green PV LNG Hong Kong climate Action Plan 2030+ Building Transportation
Context and Role of Solar energy system How to make Hong Kong Net Zero Carbon? Existing Condition: Solar PV System plays a 4 3 2 1 Proposed KEY ROLE Solutions: 70% LNG 25% PV 100% LNG 50% better BEC for + 10% PV coverage coverage of + 15% PV all bldgs + 50% better BEC for all bldgs HK land coverage + 15% PV coverage + 50% GV Bus Efficient Green PV LNG Hong Kong climate Action Plan 2030+ Building Transportation
Context and Role of Solar energy system Drivers Building: Decarbonize • Zero/Low Carbon Design Steps • Sub-tropical Climate Use energy • Architectural Design efficiently • Energy Efficient System • Renewable Energy Avoid energy use
Context and Role of Solar energy system Drivers Korea Zero Energy House: • Year 2010 • Resort House 425 m 2 floor area • 163 m 2 rooftop PV • • PV 44% contribution of total energy
Context and Role of Solar energy system Drivers Singapore Zero Energy Building: • Building and Construction Authority (BCA) • Office Building 4,500 m 2 floor area • 1,540 m 2 rooftop PV •
Context and Role of Solar energy system Drivers HK Zero Carbon Building: • Year 2012 • Construction Industry Council (CIC) • Exhibition/Office Building 1,520 m 2 floor area • 1,015 m 2 rooftop PV •
Context and Role of Solar energy system Drivers Regulations/Incentives: • To take advantage of Feed-in Tariff • Effective date: • CLP – October 2018 • HEC – Jan 2019 • Commitment period: 15 years • FiT rate for solar energy: • Under 10kW – HKD5 per kWh • 10kW to 200kW – HKD4 per kWh • 200kW to 1MW – HKD3 per kWh
Approach of designing a solar power system
Approach of designing a solar power system Scale fits the demand? Fixing and Safety? Electrical connection Safety? Affect surroundings?
6 Steps in Designing a PV System 1. Building 2. Solar 3. Selection 5. Structural 6. Statutory 4. PV System and Location Resource of Solar Aspect Submission Design Analysis Assessment Technology Assessment and Approval Step 1: Building and Location Analysis Step 2: Solar Resource Assessment • Architectural layout plan study • Solar resource simulation • Site visit • Shading and glare analysis • Propose potential location • Identify orientation and inclination of PV panel
6 Steps in Designing a PV System 1. Building 2. Solar 3. Selection 5. Structural 6. Statutory 4. PV System and Location Resource of Solar Aspect Submission Design Analysis Assessment Technology Assessment and Approval Step 4: PV System Design Step 3: Selection of Solar Technology • Conventional Photovoltaic (PV) • PV Schematic System Design • Thin-Film Solar Cells (TFSC) • Metering Design • Building Integrated PV • Plantroom Design • Hybrid PV (PV + Thermal) • Other Issues for Implantation of Existing Building
6 Steps in Designing a PV System 1. Building 2. Solar 3. Selection 5. Structural 6. Statutory 4. PV System and Location Resource of Solar Aspect Submission Design Analysis Assessment Technology Assessment and Approval Step 5: Structural Aspect Assessment Step 6: Statutory Submission and Approval • Dead load and live load assessment • Application of CLP/ HKE for Feed-in • Propose installation method Tariff (FiT) • Submission and Approval for Building Department • Issuance of Work Completion Certificate (WR1)
1. Building 2. Solar 3. Selection 5. Structural 6. Statutory 4. PV System and Location Resource of Solar Aspect Submission Design Analysis Assessment Technology Assessment and Approval
Steps 1 & 2 1. Building 2. Solar 3. Selection 5. Structural 6. Statutory 4. PV System and Location Resource of Solar Aspect Submission Design Analysis Assessment Technology Assessment and Approval Building 3D Optimization of model with Annual solar Annual glare topography and PV orientation availability study surrounding and tilt angle buildings
3D Building Modelling with Surroundings • Surrounding buildings/ self shading/ topography • Request GIS information from Lands Department http://www.hkmapservice.gov.hk/OneStopSystem/map- search?product=OSSCatB&series=iB1000
3D Building Modelling with Surroundings • Topography, Building massing and Building height variations are modelled • Together with the proposed building massing and PV panel layout, this form the foundation of later studies. • Surrounding model by 3D modelling software
Annual Solar Availability Prescriptive Approach Source: Tony Lam’s PhD Thesis 2008 • Solar chart to determine the preliminary PV panel orientation and tilt angle • Data measurement results show that the optimal setting is around 20-23deg tilted due south orientation • Use performance approach to determine the preliminary location of PV panel Annual total solar yield (kWh/m2) for various tilt angles and orientations in Hong Kong
Annual Solar Availability Performance Approach • With self shading/ surrounding buildings shading effect, • Annual solar availability Shading above Recommended PV High installation area Mid Low
Annual Glare Study
Annual Glare Study • Geometric analysis based on Hong Kong solar path It is not SIMPLE! •
Annual Glare Study • Reflection from PV panels may result in undesirable glare for pedestrian, occupants of neighboring buildings • Sensitive receivers include: ➢ Office ➢ Residential ➢ School ➢ Hotel Site Building ➢ Hospitals Sensitive Receivers ➢ Shopping Centre ➢ Shops Surrounding Buildings ➢ Air flight path ➢ Etc.
Annual Glare Study • Geometric analysis based on Hong Kong solar path in Grasshopper software • Glare study is carried out from 7am to 6pm throughout the whole year • Visual the potential glare problem for sensitive receivers
PV Panel Scale Design • After knowing the basic information such as solar availability variation, glare issue, PV orientation and tilt angle, the next step is to determine the PV panel scale • PV panel scale depends on ➢ Site constraint (space) ➢ Energy saving target (green building certification requirement) ➢ FiT Scheme (Incentive) ➢ E&M limitation (for existing building)
PV Panel Scale Design • Determine the whole building energy consumption • By Energy Modelling • Increase the % of renewable energy contribution MAXIMIZE ENERGY GENERATION % BY PV
1. Building 2. Solar 3. Selection 5. Structural 6. Statutory 4. PV System and Location Resource of Solar Aspect Submission Design Analysis Assessment Technology Assessment and Approval
Selection of PV Technology Type of PV Technology • Mono- and Poly-crystalline Mono- • Building Thin-Film Solar Cells (TFSC) crystalline PV • Integrated PV Hybrid PV (PV + Thermal) Design consideration: • Performance at ambient temperature • Module efficiency • Space requirement Job reference: Zero Carbon Building
Selection of PV Technology Conventional PV Monocrystalline Silicon Solar Cells Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Cells • • Power range: 250-270W Power range: 290-365W • • Efficiency : 15-23% Efficiency : 13-16% • • Dimensions: Dimensions: 1600mm(L)x1000mm(W)x50mm(H) 1600mm(L)x1000mm(W)x50mm(H) • • Weight: 18~19kg ( ~12kg/m 2 ) Weight: 18~19kg ( ~12kg/m 2 ) Walkable PV panel at floor Application: PV panel at traditional roof, flat surface For Example: PV at rooftop, PV wall mounted at building façade, PV at floor PV panel at rooftop
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