www.ecologic.eu Climate and Energy Policy in Germany and the EU R. Andreas Kraemer – Director – Ecologic.eu Berlin – Brussels – Vienna | Washington DC
www.ecologic.eu Preview of Content Security through Energy Policy: Germany's Strategy in Context EU Climate and Energy Policy Energy 2020: A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy (COM(2010) 639 final of 10 November 2010) Roadmap for Moving to a Competitive Low Carbon Economy in 2050 (8 March 2011) Energy Efficiency Plan 2011 (COM(2011) 109 final of 8 March 2011) Exchange & Cooperation between and with the EU & Member States Policy Learning in the EU and Germany (Looking at the Evidence) Ideas for Linking around the World, ... (Designing the Future) Discussion with you: What after Fukushima?
www.ecologic.eu Germany's Energy and Security Strategy in Context Germany in a Sweet Spot, but Concerned about Global Stability "Climate-Safe Future": Efficiency, Renewable up; Fossils, Nuclear out Domestic Fossils Insignificant; Lignite in long-term phase out Efficiency Supported by Energy Taxes and other Supporting Policies Renewables: Feed-In Tariffs, BioEnergy (not BioFuel) >> Growth, Jobs, ... 100% Renewable Power in 2040?; 100% Renewable Energy in 2050? Nuclear Phase-Out, Adopted - Abandoned - "Moratorium" after Fukushima Doing Well by Doing Good: Exporting Solutions In the EU: "Community Method" plus Horizontal & Vertical Policy Learning; International Climate Initiative; IRENA, ICAP, Transatlantic Climate Bridge Policy Continuity Across Parties; Conflicts between Policy Communities
www.ecologic.eu EU Climate & Energy Policy I – Drivers (Strong Momentum) Concerns (European Parliament) Greenland ice sheet, Arctic sea ice Siberian permafrost, Sea-level Rise (Venice & the Dutch) Political and Diplomatic Capital in: UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, Cancùn, G8 > G20+ EU Emission Trading System EU External Policy Neighbourhood Policy; Enlargement of the Single Market Vehicle for Developing EU Foreign and Security Policy Voters' Expectations and Public Pressure (Al Gore) Focus on Economic Opportunities (EU ETS)
www.ecologic.eu EU Climate & Energy Policy II – Trends and Changes Integration of Policies >> Policy Coherence Climate & Energy; Foreign & Security; Russia; Internal Market & Enlargement; Neighbourhood Policy; Research & Technology; Transport; Agriculture; Trade & Development; .... Shift to Demand Side Policy (Efficiency) and Demand Management Efficiency Standards (Appliances, Cars, Buildings, ...) Smart Grid + Demand Response (via load-based tariffs?) Opportunities in Decentralized Systems >> New Forms of Governance Challenges the "Centralization Paradigm" of European Policies Nuclear Power (Euratom 1957), Proliferation, Security Iran >>> Arab States, Pakistan, India, North Korea, ... >>> Credibility ?
www.ecologic.eu EU Climate & Energy Policy III – Energy 2020 EU Energy Goals from June 2010 "Europe 2020 – Strategy for Smart, Sustainable and Inclusive Growth" Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions by 20% (30%) by 2020 Increase Share of Renewable Energy to 20% by 2020 Improve Energy Efficiency by 20% by 2020 The Energy 2020 Strategy focuses on 5 Priorities: Achieving an Energy Efficient Europe Building a Truly Pan-European Integrated Energy Market Empowering Consumers and Achieving the Highest Level of Safety and Security Extending Europe's Leadership in Energy Technology & Innovation Strengthening the External Dimension of the EU Energy Market Official document: www.energy.eu/directives/com-2010-0639.pdf Brochure: http://ec.europa.eu/energy/publications/doc/2011_energy2020_en.pdf
www.ecologic.eu EU Climate & Energy Policy III – Energy 2020 (Forecast)
www.ecologic.eu EU Climate & Energy Policy III – Energy 2020 (Desire) 80% Cut in Energy Consumption with: Currently available Technologies Consumption Changes only via Changing Prices Participation of all EconomySectors Efficient Pathway: - 25% by 2020 - 40% by 2030 - 60% by 2040
www.ecologic.eu EU Climate & Energy Policy IV – Roadmap 2050 Focus on Energy Efficiency ("Key"), Emission Trading Helps Efficiency Meet 20% Energy Efficiency Target, and Cut GHG Emission by 25% Mobilizes Annual Investment of 270 bn Euros 2010-2050; 1.5% of GDP Saves Annually 175-320 bn Euros 2010-2050 (based on 70$/barrel) Annual Air Quality & Health Benefits: 27 bn € (2030) to 88 bn € (2050) Secures Long-Term Prosperity, Safeguards against Price Shocks Creates (net) 1.5 million New Jobs (by 2020), Improves Skill Profiles Mirrors "Green Growth" Action in Korea, China, Brazil, India Stimulates (& would benefit) from New Energy Technology (Research) Would be Assisted by Managing Ecosystems as Carbon Sinks
www.ecologic.eu EU Climate & Energy Policy V – Energy Efficiency Plan 2011 On 4 February 2011, Heads of EU State and Goverments Resolved to: "Take determined action to tap the considerable potential for higher energy savings of buildings, transport, and products and processes." On 8 March 2011, European Commision Adopts Energy Efficiency Plan with Proposals for Achieving the 20% Efficiency Target for 2020: Governments Set Example (Renovation of Public Buildings, Procurement) Efficiency Standards for Industrial Equipment, Energy Audits, and Energy Management Systems Improvement in the of Generation Power and Heat (Co-Generation) Investment in Smart Grids and Smart Meters (Empowering Consumers)
www.ecologic.eu External Aspects of Energy Security (for the EU) Reliable, Affordable, Sustainable Flows of Energy into the EU From Scarcity and Competition to Strategic Partnerships (new) Energy Charter Transit Protocol (Russia) Expand Energy Internal Market to Neighbours (Energy Community Treaty >> South-Eastern Europe) Integrate Energy Security Aspects in European Neighbourhood Policy (e.g. Algeria) EU Trade Policy, pursued through the WTO Relations with Developing Countries and Fast-Growing Economies (e.g. China)
www.ecologic.eu Energy Community Treaty 2005 – Aims Internal Energy Market with South Eastern Europe (Balkans, Caucasus) Legal and Economic Framework for Network Energies (Power, Gas) Stable and Regulatory Market Framework Capable of Attracting Investment Single Regulatory Space for Trade (EU Emission Trading System) Enhance Security of Supply and Environment Develop Electricity and Gas Market Competition on Broader Geographical Scale [Link to EU Neighbourhood Policy] >>> Expansion of the European Community or Union
www.ecologic.eu Energy Charter Treaty 1994 – Purpose and Aims Integrating Energy Sectors of the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe into European (EU) Markets World Markets Focus on Trade, Transit and Investment Protocol on Energy Efficiency and Environment [EU Wants an Energy Charter Transit Protocol] Russia ('Energy Superpower') Refuses to Ratify >>> Energy Charter Treaty Dead, or Suspended? (Still Is the Most Advanced International Framework)
www.ecologic.eu Policy Learning Experience I – Germany and the EU Ministers of Environment of Bund and Länder (16+1) Meet Biannually Meetings are Prepared by Meetings of the Chiefs of Staff Ministers: Steering Committee for Working Groups Water 1965, Länder Initiative • Länder Directors Waste 1963 • Work Programs Air Pollution 1964 • Sub-Groups Nature, Landscape, Recreation 1971 • Focal Points Soil Protection 1971 • Web Sites Genetic Technology 1991 • Rotating Chairs (2y) Chemical Safety 1996 • Federal Involvement Sustainable Development 2001 • EU Relevance Separate Bio-Regional Structures, e.g. River Basin Organisations Kraemer, R. Andreas 2007: “Federalism and Environmental Regulation in Germany and the EU.” AICGS Policy Report, No. 31 Federalism and Environmentalism in the United States and Germany, 7-32. http://ecologic.eu/2095
www.ecologic.eu Policy Learning Experience II – Germany and the EU Treaty Infringements Procedures (> before the EU Court of Justice) Directives Establish Rational Policy Management Systems: MS report on Transposition, administrative Implementation, and Success Commission reports EU-wide, makes recommendations, proposes new law Council of Ministers and Parliament decide on new law or amendments Vertical Policy Learning by Going Around the Policy Cycle (Spiral?) Horizontal Policy Learning through Council Working Groups etc. Many Entry Points for New Data, Information, Technologies etc.
www.ecologic.eu Experience III – Evaluation of EU Experience [J. Zeitlin] Cooperation, Coordination, and Policy Learning in the EU are: Are Genuinely Joint and Multi-Level in their Operation Advance Common Concerns and Interests of Member States While Respecting their Autonomy and Diversity Are Useful, Efficient and Flexible; Provide Benefits for all Parties Lead to Shared Information, Comparison and Re-Assessments of Policy, and Convergence of Objectives, Performance, and Policy Are Good for Complex and Sensitive Areas where Diversity Precludes Harmonisation Inaction is Politically Unacceptable Strategic Uncertainty Recommends Mutual Learning Zeitlin, Jonathan (2005): "Social Europe and Experimentalist Governance: Towards a New Constitutional Compromise?" in Gr à inne de B ù rca (ed.), EU Law and the Welfare State: In Search of Solidarity, Oxford UP, 2005: 213-41.
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