Center Title: Regional Air Pollution Mixtures: The past and future impacts of emissions controls and climate change on air quality and health Institutions: Harvard University Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Day 1 - Monday June, 10th Location: Meridien Hotel in Cambridge MA 8:30 – 9:00 Check in and Breakfast All 9:00 – 9:15 Welcome and Introduction Koutrakis, Russell 9:15 – 10:00 Project 1 Koutrakis, Mickley, Requia 10:00 – 10:45 Project 2 Coull 10:45 – 11:15 Break All 11:15 – 12:00 Project 3 Schwartz 12:00 – 1:30 Lunch All 1:30 – 2:15 Project 4 Zigler 2:15 – 3:00 Project 5 Selin 3:00 – 4:30 Coffee and Posters All 5:30 – 7:30 Dinner at Le Meridien All
Day 2 - Tuesday, June 11th Landmark Center West, 401 Park Drive, Room 414 - a *Note venue change for day 2 8:30 – 9:00 Breakfast SAC Members 9:00 – 11:00 Committee Meets Alone SAC Members 11:00 – 11:30 Break SAC Members 11:30 – 1:30 Discussion and Lunch SAC, PIs, and EPA
Project 1: Regional Air Pollution: Mixtures Characterization, Emission Inventories, Pollutant Trends, and Climate Impacts Petros Koutrakis (lead PI); Brent Coull; Daniel J. Jacob; Loretta J. Mickley; and Joel Schwartz
Objective 1 • Compile comprehensive air pollution, weather, emissions, and GIS datasets for the entire continental US for the period 2000-2015. – Estimate gases and PM concentrations at a high spatial resolution by assimilating data from monitoring networks, satellite platforms, air pollution models, and spatiotemporal statistical models
Significant progress, publications with model results, applications to health effects studies, collaborations (Joel will present this work later)
Objective 2 • Develop and make publically available a national PM 2.5 emission inventory database of high spatial resolution (1 km) for 2000-2015 – This will be achieved through the application of a novel methodology we developed that predicts point and area source emissions using AOD measured by satellite remote sensors;
PM 2.5 Emission in NE USA 2002-2013 Emission (Tons/km2/yr) 0 - 10 11 - 20 21 - 25 26 - 30 31 - 40 41 - 50 51 - 60 >60 Previously made a lot of progress, recently we faced technical difficulties After we spent over two years we abandoned this project
Investigation of exposure to non- tailpipe emissions Originally Funded by HEI
Future publications on non-tailpipe emissions • Development of a mobile facility to collect high volume samples near roads [Poster by Marco] • Concentration gradient: • Metals in ambient particles [Poster by Emily] • Metals in road dust [Poster by Pablo] • EC and OC fraction in ambient particles [Shaodan, in progress] • EC and OC fraction in road dust [Tiana, in progress] • Our results indicate a log(distance) gradient • Support findings of previous epidemiological studies
Objective 3 • Characterize spatial and temporal trends of pollutant mixtures: – Perform cluster analysis to group areas that exhibit distinct pollutant profiles or mixtures, referred to as “Air Pollution Regions” – Analyze their spatial patterns and temporal trends to investigate the impact of regulations, climate change, and modifiable factors on regional mixtures
Objective 3 • Development of a mobile facility to collect high volume samples near roads • Near road concentrations of metals in ambient particles • Near road concentrations of metals in road dust
Objective 3 Publications • Climate impact on ambient PM 2.5 elemental concentration in the United States: a trend analysis over the last 30 years Journal: Environment International; Status: in Press Weeberb will present this paper in a few minutes • Regional air pollution mixtures across the continental US Journal: Atmospheric Environment; Status: in Press [by Weeberb] • The impact of wildfires on particulate carbon in the western U.S.A. [by Weeberb] Journal: Atmospheric Environment; Status: Published • Trends of Ultrafine particles in Boston during 2000-2018 [Poster by Melissa]
Objective 4 • Forecast the impact of regional climate change on air quality for 2016-2040 using an ensemble of climatemodels – Project the potential impact of climate change on regional pollutant mixtures and predict future regional air quality assuming no changes in anthropogenic emissions. Loretta will present her group work in a few minutes
Health Effects of Ambient Particle Radioactivity Harvard - MIT ACE Center
Ex Exposures to En Environme mental Radiation Atmosphere: Gaseous and Particulate Radionuclides INHALATION DERMAL Extraterrestrial Radiation Terrestrial Radiation α, β, γ, X, Subatomic Species α, β, γ DIRECT DIRECT Cosmic Solar Indoor Outdoor INGESTION DERMAL Lithosphere and Hydrosphere: Radionuclides in Food and Water
Radiation • Types of ionizing radiation: • α (two protons and two neutrons) • β (electrons) • γ (photons) • Natural versus artificial: WHO, 2019 • Natural: Terrestrial, Solar and Cosmic (Galactic) • Artificial: Nuclear weapons, nuclear accidents, medical and scientific applications • Direct and PM-attached radiation: • Direct exposure to α , β and γ radiation • PM carries radioactive nuclides which ENTER OUR BODY; can emit α , β and γ
α Particles: Short-lived & Long-lived? Short-lived Progeny Long-lived Progeny 222 214 214 210 206 Rn Pb Po Bi Pb 3.8d 26.8m 0.2ms Stable 5.0d α α α β α β β β 218 210 214 210 Po Pb Bi Po 3.1m 22.3y 19.7m 138.4d Ø Short-lived α particles: 218Po, 214Po ≈ Short-lived α activity (SLA) Ø Long-lived α particles: 210Po ≈ Long-lived α activity (LLA) Ø 210Pb can be also used as a reservoir of alpha radiation due to a long life time Poster by Choong Min
Our Hypothesis/Thesis • PM carry radionuclides that that emit α , β and γ Particle Radioactivity (PR) • Treat PR as an another property like mass or sulfate (e.g., PR- β ) • PM - attached radioactive nuclides can deposit onto the lungs or translocate • α is the most toxic but it can not cross the epidermis (inhalation/ingestion) • In our studies we use β and γ activities or individual radionuclides as surrogates of α exposure Po210
Most of PM gross α activity is in PM 2.5 Over 90% PM 2.5 versus PM 10 gross alpha activities (Bq/m3)
Exposure Data and Metrics for our Health Studies EPA RadNet (over 120 sites across US) • TSP gross β radiation for long-lived radionuclides • TSP gross ɣ in 8 wavelength ranges for short-lived radionuclides • Individual radionuclides such as Pb210, Bi212, Be7 etc. from composite samples Indoor Radon • SRRS EPA measures provide data for the entire US by County • Berkley model estimates based on EPA measures by County • Privately collected indoor samples provide information by Zipcode Source: USGS
Exposure Data and Metrics for our Health Studies Harvard measures: • PM gross α for long-lived radionuclides using previously collected Teflon filters (decades ago) • PM gross α and β measures for long-lived radionuclides using Teflon filter samples from future studies • PM gross α for short-lived radionuclides using Electret integrated prospective samples Future plan our laboratory: • ɣ and α spectrometers to identify and quantify individual radionuclides and to apportion PM gross α and β radiation levels
Biomarker Study: In collaboration with University of Sao Paulo, Brazil Analyze the distribution of radon progeny 210 Polonium ( 210 Po) in olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb, frontal lobe, and lungs tissues in cadavers from Mortem Verification Service of the City of São Paulo (SVOC), Sao Paulo, Brazil. Plans: Measures of Po210 and Pb210 in biologic specimens Placenta and umbilical for live births 24
210 Po by Tissue sample (Bq/Kg) Olfactory Olfactroy Frontal Sample Lung Bulb Epithelium Lobe N 25 30 30 30 Mean 6.41 2.42 2.53 1.04 Median 4.85 2.19 1.32 0.72 Min 1.23 0.56 0.37 0.27 Max 19.50 7.02 12.61 6.42 SD 4.45 1.23 2.80 1.28 25
Effect Modification of Ambient Particle Mortality by Radon: A Time Series Analysis in 108 U.S. Cities Blomberg, Annelise J., Brent A. Coull, Iny Jhun, Carolina L.Z. Vieira, Antonella Zanobetti, Eric Garshick, Joel Schwartz, and Petros Koutrakis Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (2019) Residential radon exposure and all-cause mortality risk among Medicare beneficiaries Maayan Yitshak Sade, Annelise J. Blomberg, Antonella Zanobetti, Joel D. Schwartz, Brent A. Coull, Itai Kloog and Petros Koutrakis Environment International, In Press (Poster by Maayan)
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