Categories Founda'ons)of)Language)Science) and)Technology) " - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Categories Founda'ons)of)Language)Science) and)Technology) " Pretend the italicized nonsense words in the WS)2014/2015) following sentences are real words of English. " " Identify the form class of each one, and state the Syntax II morphosyntactic properties of each that lead you to assign it to a particular category. Dr. Heiner Drenhaus drenhaus@coli.uni-sb.de (Van Valin, Robert D. An introduction to syntax . Cambridge University Press, 2001.) Slides are based on: An Introduction to Language, Ninth Edition Victoria Fromkin, V., Robert Rodman, R. and Hyams, N. (2011) An Introduction to Language. And more ! 2" FLST: Linguistics Foundation FLST: Linguistics Foundation 1" Categories Syntactic Categories (5) (1) a. Max walked blishly down the corridor. a. The dog wugged the ball. b. Max walked down the corridor blishly . A child found a puppy. b. The dog is wugging the ball. c. Blishly , Max walked down the corridor. c. The dog likes to wug the ball. d. The dog gently wugged the ball. A police officer found a puppy. d. Sam did so extremely blishly . e. *The wug kicked the ball. e. *Pat is blishly . f. *The dog chased the wug cat. f. *The blishly woman looked unhappy. Your neighbor found a puppy. (6) (2) This yellow cat found a puppy. a. Larry placed the book za the table. a. The tall blick sat by the river. b. Za the table Sam found his glasses. b. The blicks played in the park. c. Mary sent a present to her favorite blick . c. * Za green book fell on the floor. d. Sam is not a blick . d. *I don’t like za . e. *Max blicked the cat. " It is possible to substitute the child by ‘similar’ e. *Sam zas every day. f. *The blick animal ran away. f. *Sam found his gloves za . (3) expressions (7) a. A nork person walked by the car. b. Mary is very nork . a. Anna bought nace rare books. " Noun phrase (NP) c. *Sam norks . b. I liked nace of them. d. *The nork called me yesterday. c. Nace left the party early. (4) " Subject, Object (function) d. I thought she bought too nace . a. Li cat slept by the fire. e. *Anna bought rare nace books. b. I bought li three interesting books. " Often contains a determiner c. Mary didn’t like li one. f. *Sam naces every morning. d. I don’t care for li . " Proper names, pronouns, nouns without a determiner, a g. *The tall red nace fell off the shelf. e. *Two li dogs barked at the cat. (Van Valin, Robert D. An introduction to syntax . Cambridge clause, sentence f. *Sam lis every day. University Press, 2001.) 4" FLST: Linguistics Foundation 3" FLST: Linguistics Foundation

Syntactic Categories Syntactic Categories John found a puppy. John found a puppy. He found a puppy. He found a puppy. Boys love puppies. Boys love puppies. The puppy loved him. The puppy loved him. The puppy loved John. The puppy loved John. " Complex NPs " Complex NPs The girl that Professor Snape loved married the man of her dreams. The girl that Professor Snape loved married the • NP subject (The girl that Professor Snape loved) man of her dreams. • NP object (the man of her dreams) 5" 6" FLST: Linguistics Foundation FLST: Linguistics Foundation Syntactic Categories Syntactic Categories " Prepositional Phrase (P + NP) " Prepositional Phrase (P + NP) " Verb Phrase " Verb Phrase " Verb ‘ maybe’ plus " Verb ‘ maybe’ plus • Noun Phrase • Noun Phrase • Prepositional Phrase • Prepositional Phrase “The"child"__________".”" (a))saw)a)clown) “The"child"__________".”" (b))a)bird) (a))saw)a)clown) (c))slept) (b))a)bird) (d))smart) (c))slept) (e))ate)the)cake) (d))smart) (f))found)the)cake)in)the)cupboard) (g))realized)that)the)earth)was)round) (e))ate)the)cake) (f))found)the)cake)in)the)cupboard) " (a), (c), (e), (f), and (g) # grammatical sentences (g))realized)that)the)earth)was)round) " (b) or (d) # ungrammatical sentence (p.)128)) " # (a), (c), (e), (f), and (g) are verb phrases (VPs) 7" 8" FLST: Linguistics Foundation FLST: Linguistics Foundation

Syntactic Categories Exercises ( Fundamentals of English Syntax (Version 3) Andrew McIntyre ) " Lexical and functional categories A. Apply tests to show that the underlined phrases are constituents. " Lexical categories a. A lady in a blue dress sang the national anthem in the stadium some time after noon. Noun (N): puppy, boy, soup, happiness, fork, kiss, pillow, cake, cupboard b. Someone saw a suspicious-looking man with a Verb (V): find, run, sleep, throw, realize, see, try, want, believe briefcase walking around in the foyer on Monday Preposition (P): up, down, across, into, from, by, with half an hour before the building blew up. Adjective (Adj): red, big, candid, hopeless, fair, idiotic, lucky Adverb (Adv): again, carefully, luckily, never, very, fairly 9" 10" FLST: Linguistics Foundation FLST: Linguistics Foundation Syntactic Categories Exercises ( Fundamentals of English Syntax (Version 3) Andrew McIntyre ) " Lexical and functional categories " Functional categories Determiner (Det): a, the also demonstratives this, that, these, those also quantifiers each, every Auxiliary (Aux): have, had, be, was, were and modals may, might, can, could, must, shall, .. " Why do we call them functional categories? 11" 12" FLST: Linguistics Foundation FLST: Linguistics Foundation

Syntactic Categories Phrase Structure Trees and Rules " Why do we call them functional categories? " Linear string " Hierarchical structure (phrases) " Compare • A man versus the man • This man versus that man • Peter is dancing. versus Peter has danced. • Peter may dance. versus Peter must dance. 13" 14" FLST: Linguistics Foundation FLST: Linguistics Foundation Phrase Structure Trees and Rules Phrase Structure Trees and Rules " Phrase structure trees # speaker’s syntactic knowledge " Phrase structure trees # speaker’s syntactic knowledge " Linear order " Linear order " Identification of syntactic categories " Hierarchical structure (syntactic categories) " Identification of syntactic categories • S # NP VP • NP # Det N VP # V NP • " Hierarchical structure (syntactic categories) " Tree structure -> speaker’s intuitions about grouping words " Higher node dominates all categories beneath it " Rules to describe a structure (‘little’ grammar) " Immediately dominate -> categories one level below • S # NP VP " Categories that are immediately dominated by the same nodes are sisters • NP # Det N • VP # V NP 15" 16" FLST: Linguistics Foundation FLST: Linguistics Foundation

Phrase Structure Trees and Rules Phrase Structure Trees and Rules " Tree structure -> speaker’s intuitions about grouping words " Building trees (subtrees) " Higher node dominates all categories beneath it " Immediately dominate -> categories one level below " Categories that are immediately dominated by the same nodes are sisters 1. S # NP VP 2. NP # Det N 3. VP # V NP 17" 18" FLST: Linguistics Foundation FLST: Linguistics Foundation Phrase Structure Trees and Rules Phrase Structure Trees and Rules " But our ‘little’ Grammar does not account for " But our ‘little’ Grammar does not account for sentences like: sentences like: The man laughed. The woman danced. The horse vomit. The man laughed. The woman danced. 4. VP # V The horse vomit. 19" 20" FLST: Linguistics Foundation FLST: Linguistics Foundation

Phrase Structure Trees and Rules Phrase Structure Trees and Rules " But our ‘little’ Grammar does not account for sentences like: The puppy played in the garden. The boat sailed up the river. A girl laughed at the monkey. The sheepdog rolled in the mud. 5. VP # V PP 6. PP # P NP 21" 22" FLST: Linguistics Foundation FLST: Linguistics Foundation Phrase Structure Trees and Rules Phrase Structure Trees and Rules " Embedded sentences I don’t know whether I should talk about this. The teacher asked if the students understood the syntax lesson. " PS rules of our ‘little’ grammar 1. S # NP VP 2. NP # Det N 3. VP # V NP 4. VP # V 5. VP # V PP 6. PP # P NP 7. VP # V CP 7. VP # V CP (C = complementizer) 8. CP # C S 8. CP # C S 23" 24" FLST: Linguistics Foundation FLST: Linguistics Foundation

Phrase Structure Trees and Rules Recursive rules – the infinity of language " How to build trees (conventions) " It is not possible to define each legal structure " Recursive rule " Multiple prepositional phrases [The girl walked [down the street] [over the hill] [through the woods] . . . ] . Our"problem:"we"can" not"account"for"the" sentence"above" 25" 26" FLST: Linguistics Foundation FLST: Linguistics Foundation Recursive rules – the infinity of language Recursive rules – the infinity of language " It is not possible to define each legal structure " Recursive rule " Multiple prepositional phrases [The girl walked [down the street] [over the hill] [through the woods] . . . ] . # Revising"Rule"5" Our"problem:"we"can" not"account"for"the" 5."VP" # "VP"PP" sentence"above" 27" 28" FLST: Linguistics Foundation FLST: Linguistics Foundation