Mix Unitary Categories Robin Cockett, Cole Comfort, and Priyaa - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Mix Unitary Categories Robin Cockett, Cole Comfort, and Priyaa Srinivasan CT2018, Ponta Delgada, Azores 1/31

CP ∞ construction Motivation Mix Unitary Categories Dagger compact closed categories Dagger compact closed categories ( † -KCC) provide a categorical framework for finite-dimensional quantum mechanics. The dagger ( † ) is a contravariant functor which is stationary on objects ( A = A † ) which is an involution ( f †† = f ). In a † -KCC, quantum processes are represented by completely positive maps. The CPM construction on a † -KCC chooses the completely positive maps from the category. FHilb, the category of finite-dimensional Hilbert Spaces and linear maps is the canonical example of a † -KCC. CPM[FHilb] is precisely the category of “quantum processes.” 2/31 2 / 31

CP ∞ construction Motivation Mix Unitary Categories Finite versus infinite dimensions For Hilbert Spaces (and additively enriched categories with negatives) compact closed ⇒ finite-dimensionality. Infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces have a † but do not have “duals”: they are not compact closed. Infinite-dimensional systems occur in many quantum settings including quantum computation and quantum communication. There have therefore been various attempts to generalize the existing structures and constructions to infinite-dimensions. 3/31 3 / 31

CP ∞ construction Motivation Mix Unitary Categories The CP ∞ construction CP ∞ construction (Coecke and Heunen) generalizes the CPM construction to † -symmetric monoidal categories by reexpressing completely positive maps as follows: f �→ ( f † ) ∗ f f † QUESTION: Is there a way to generalize the CPM construction to arbitrary dimensions while retaining duals and the dagger? 4/31 4 / 31

CP ∞ construction Motivation Mix Unitary Categories Linearly distributive categories ∗ -autonomous categories and linearly distributive categories generalize compact closed categories . . . Can quantum ideas be extended in this direction? 1 They allow for infinite dimensions, have a nice graphical calculus, allow the expression of “duals” . . . but what about dagger? Recall a linearly distributive category (LDC) has two monoidal structures ( ⊗ , ⊤ , a ⊗ , u L ⊗ , u R ⊗ ) and ( ⊕ , ⊥ , a ⊕ , u L ⊕ , u R ⊕ ) linked by natural transformations called the linear distributors: ∂ L : A ⊗ ( B ⊕ C ) → ( A ⊗ B ) ⊕ C ∂ R : ( A ⊕ B ) ⊗ C → A ⊕ ( B ⊗ C ) 1See Dusko Pavlovic “Relating Toy Models of Quantum Computation: Comprehension, Complementarity and 5/31 Dagger Mix Autonomous Categories” 5 / 31

CP ∞ construction Motivation Mix Unitary Categories Mix categories A mix category is a LDC with a map m : ⊥ − → ⊤ in X such that ⊥ ⊥ mx A , B : A ⊗ B − → A ⊕ B := = m m ⊤ ⊤ mx is called a mix map . The mix map is a natural transformation. It is an isomix category if m is an isomorphism. m being an isomorphism does not make the mx map an isomorphism. 6/31 6 / 31

CP ∞ construction Motivation Mix Unitary Categories The Core of mix category The core of a mix category , Core( X ) ⊆ X , is the full subcategory determined by objects U ∈ X for which the natural transformation is also an isomorphism: mx U , ( ) U ⊗ ( ) − − − − − → U ⊕ ( ) The core of a mix category is closed to ⊗ and ⊕ . The core of an isomix category contains the monoidal units ⊤ and ⊥ and is a compact LDC (meaning tensor and par are essentially identical) . 7/31 7 / 31

CP ∞ construction � � � Motivation Mix Unitary Categories Roadmap LDC Define † -LDC Define unitary isomorphisms in † -LDCs Generalize CP ∞ construction for † -LDCs 8/31 8 / 31

CP ∞ construction Motivation Mix Unitary Categories The † ? The definition of † : X op − → X as stationary on objects cannot be imported to LDCs because the dagger minimally has to flip the tensor products: ( A ⊗ B ) † = A † ⊕ B † . Why? If the dagger is identity-on-objects, then the linear distributor degenerates to an associator: ( δ R ) † : ( A ⊕ ( B ⊗ C )) † − → (( A ⊕ B ) ⊗ C ) † ( δ R ) † : A † ⊕ ( B † ⊗ C † ) − → ( A † ⊕ B † ) ⊗ C † 9/31 9 / 31

CP ∞ construction Motivation Mix Unitary Categories † -LDCs A † -LDC is a LDC X with a dagger functor † : X op − → X and the natural isomorphisms: tensor laxors: λ ⊕ : A † ⊕ B † − → ( A ⊗ B ) † λ ⊗ : A † ⊗ B † − → ( A ⊕ B ) † → ⊥ † unit laxors: λ ⊤ : ⊤ − → ⊤ † λ ⊥ : ⊥ − → A †† involutor: ι : A − which make † a contravariant (Frobenius) linear equivalence. 10/31 10 / 31

CP ∞ construction � � � � � Motivation Mix Unitary Categories Coherences for † -LDCs Coherences for the interaction between the tensor laxors and the basic natural isomorphisms (6 coherences): a ⊗ A † ⊗ ( B † ⊗ C † ) ( A † ⊗ B † ) ⊗ C † 1 ⊗ λ ⊗ λ ⊗ ⊗ 1 ( A † ⊗ ( B ⊕ C ) † ) ( A ⊕ B ) † ⊗ C † λ ⊗ λ ⊗ ⊕ ) † � (( A ⊕ B ) ⊕ C ) † ( A ⊕ ( B ⊕ C )) † ( a − 1 11/31 11 / 31

CP ∞ construction � � � � � � � � � � � Motivation Mix Unitary Categories Coherences for † -LDCs (cont.) Interaction between the unit laxors and the unitors (2 coherences): λ ⊤ ⊗ 1 λ ⊥ ⊕ 1 ⊥ † ⊗ A † ⊤ † ⊕ A † ⊤ ⊗ A † ⊥ ⊕ A † u l u l λ ⊗ λ ⊕ ⊗ � ⊕ � A † ( ⊥ ⊕ A ) † A † ( ⊤ ⊗ A ) † ( u l ⊕ ) † ( u l ⊗ ) † Interaction between the involutor and the laxors (4 coherences): ι ι � (( A ⊕ B ) † ) † ( ⊥ † ) † A ⊕ B ⊥ λ † λ † i ⊕ i ⊗ ⊤ λ ⊥ ( A † ) † ⊕ ( B † ) † � ( A † ⊗ B † ) † ⊤ † λ ⊕ 12/31 12 / 31

CP ∞ construction Motivation Mix Unitary Categories Diagrammatic calculus for † -LDC Extend the diagrammatic calculus of LDCs The action of dagger is represented using dagger boxes: B † A A † : �→ . f f B B A † 13/31 13 / 31

CP ∞ construction � � � � Motivation Mix Unitary Categories Isomix † -LDCs A mix † -LDC is a † -LDC with m : ⊥ − → ⊤ such that: m ⊥ ⊤ λ ⊥ � λ ⊤ m † � ⊥ † ⊤ † If m is an isomorphism, then X is an isomix † -LDC . Lemma : The following diagram commutes in a mix † -LDC: A † ⊗ B † A † ⊕ B † mx λ ⊗ � λ ⊕ mx † � ( A ⊗ B ) † ( A ⊕ B ) † 14/31 14 / 31

CP ∞ construction � � � Motivation Mix Unitary Categories Isomix † -LDCs Lemma : Suppose X is a mix † -LDC and A ∈ Core( X ) then A † ∈ Core( X ). Proof: The natural transformation A † ⊗ X mx → A † ⊕ X is an − − isomorphism: λ ⊗ � 1 ⊗ ι � A † ⊗ X A † ⊗ X †† ( A ⊕ X † ) † mx mx mx † nat. mx Lemma above A † ⊕ X � A † ⊕ A †† � ( A ⊗ X † ) † 1 ⊕ ι λ ⊕ commutes. 15/31 15 / 31

CP ∞ construction Motivation Mix Unitary Categories Next step: Unitary structure Define † -LDC Define unitary isomorphisms The usual definition of unitary maps ( f † : B † → A † = f − 1 : B − → A ) only works when the † functor is stationary on objects. 16/31 16 / 31

CP ∞ construction Motivation Mix Unitary Categories Unitary structure An isomix † -LDC has unitary structure in case there is a small class of objects called unitary objects such that: Every unitary object, A ∈ U , is in the core; The dagger of a unitary object is unitary; Each unitary object A ∈ U comes equipped with an A ϕ A → A † such isomorphism, the unitary structure of A , A † : A − that A A A † A † = ι A † = A †† A †† A †† A †† ϕ A † = (( ϕ A ) − 1 ) † ( ϕ A ϕ A † ) = ι 17/31 17 / 31

CP ∞ construction Motivation Mix Unitary Categories Unitary structure (cont.) ⊤ , ⊥ are unitary objects with: ϕ ⊤ = m − 1 λ ⊥ ϕ ⊥ = m λ ⊤ If A and B are unitary objects then A ⊗ B and A ⊕ B are unitary objects such that: → ( A ⊗ B ) † ( ϕ A ⊗ ϕ B ) λ ⊗ = mx ϕ A ⊕ B : A ⊗ B − → A † ⊕ B † ϕ A ⊗ B λ − 1 ⊕ = mx( ϕ A ⊕ ϕ B ) : A ⊗ B − ⊥ ⊤ = = m ⊥ ⊤ ϕ ⊥ λ − 1 ⊤ = m ( ϕ A ⊗ ϕ B ) λ ⊗ = mx ϕ A ⊕ B 18/31 18 / 31

CP ∞ construction Motivation Mix Unitary Categories Mix Unitary Category (MUC) An iso-mix † -LDC with unitary structure is a mix unitary category ( MUC ). The unitary objects of a MUC, X , determine a full subcategory, UCore( X ) ⊆ X , called the unitary core . The unitary core is a unitary category . Remark: In order to obtain the right functorial properties a (general) MUC is an isomix † -category with a full and faithful structure preserving inclusion of a unitary category. 19/31 19 / 31

CP ∞ construction Motivation Mix Unitary Categories Unitary isomorphisms Suppose A and B are unitary objects. An isomorphism A f − → B is said to be a unitary isomorphism if the following diagram commutes: A A f B B † = f A † A † f ϕ B f † = ϕ A Lemma: In a MUC f † is a unitary map iff f is; f ⊗ g and f ⊕ g are unitary maps whenever f and g are. a ⊗ , a ⊕ , c ⊗ , c ⊕ , δ L , m, and mx are unitary isomorphisms. λ ⊗ , λ ⊕ , λ ⊤ , λ ⊥ , and ι are unitary isomorphisms. 20/31 ϕ A is a unitary isomorphisms for for all unitary objects A . 20 / 31